At Christmas Time


Anton Chekhov's story At Christmas Time (1900) is about a married daughter estranged from her illiterate parents in the country, all the time her letters from St. Petersburg were never mailed by her husband. Finally, at Christmas time the mother pays a man in their village to write a stilted message (more his words than hers), which reaches their daughter. Chekhov employs an interesting double-meaning for the last line in the story: "Chacot duche" -- which is a restorative bath intended to stimulate the vascular and lymphatic systems -- also represents the prospect of healing the heartsick daughter with an eminent reunion.
At Christmas Time by Anton Chekhov
I

"WHAT shall I write?" said Yegor, and he dipped his pen in the ink.

Vasilisa had not seen her daughter for four years. Her daughter Yefimya had gone after her wedding to Petersburg, had sent them two letters, and since then seemed to vanish out of their lives; there had been no sight nor sound of her. And whether the old woman were milking her cow at dawn, or heating her stove, or dozing at night, she was always thinking of one and the same thing -- what was happening to Yefimya, whether she were alive out yonder. She ought to have sent a letter, but the old father could not write, and there was no one to write.

But now Christmas had come, and Vasilisa could not bear it any longer, and went to the tavern to Yegor, the brother of the innkeeper's wife, who had sat in the tavern doing nothing ever since he came back from the army; people said that he could write letters very well if he were properly paid. Vasilisa talked to the cook at the tavern, then to the mistress of the house, then to Yegor himself. They agreed upon fifteen kopecks.

And now -- it happened on the second day of the holidays, in the tavern kitchen -- Yegor was sitting at the table, holding the pen in his hand. Vasilisa was standing before him, pondering with an expression of anxiety and woe on her face. Pyotr, her husband, a very thin old man with a brownish bald patch, had come with her; he stood looking straight before him like a blind man. On the stove a piece of pork was being braised in a saucepan; it was spurting and hissing, and seemed to be actually saying: "Flu-flu-flu." It was stifling.

"What am I to write?" Yegor asked again.

"What?" asked Vasilisa, looking at him angrily and suspiciously. "Don't worry me! You are not writing for nothing; no fear, you'll be paid for it. Come, write: 'To our dear son-in-law, Andrey Hrisanfitch, and to our only beloved daughter, Yefimya Petrovna, with our love we send a low bow and our parental blessing abiding for ever.' "

"Written; fire away."

" 'And we wish them a happy Christmas; we are alive and well, and I wish you the same, please the Lord . . . the Heavenly King.' "

Vasilisa pondered and exchanged glances with the old man.

" 'And I wish you the same, please the Lord the Heavenly King,' " she repeated, beginning to cry.

She could say nothing more. And yet before, when she lay awake thinking at night, it had seemed to her that she could not get all she had to say into a dozen letters. Since the time when her daughter had gone away with her husband much water had flowed into the sea, the old people had lived feeling bereaved, and sighed heavily at night as though they had buried their daughter. And how many events had occurred in the village since then, how many marriages and deaths! How long the winters had been! How long the nights!

"It's hot," said Yegor, unbuttoning his waistcoat. "It must be seventy degrees. What more?" he asked.

The old people were silent.

"What does your son-in-law do in Petersburg?" asked Yegor.

"He was a soldier, my good friend," the old man answered in a weak voice. " He left the service at the same time as you did. He was a soldier, and now, to be sure, he is at Petersburg at a hydropathic establishment. The doctor treats the sick with water. So he, to be sure, is house-porter at the doctor's."

"Here it is written down," said the old woman, taking a letter out of her pocket. "We got it from Yefimya, goodness knows when. Maybe they are no longer in this world."

Yegor thought a little and began writing rapidly:

"At the present time"-- he wrote -- "since your destiny through your own doing allotted you to the Military Career, we counsel you to look into the Code of Disciplinary Offences and Fundamental Laws of the War Office, and you will see in that law the Civilization of the Officials of the War Office."

He wrote and kept reading aloud what was written, while Vasilisa considered what she ought to write: how great had been their want the year before, how their corn had not lasted even till Christmas, how they had to sell their cow. She ought to ask for money, ought to write that the old father was often ailing and would soon no doubt give up his soul to God . . . but how to express this in words? What must be said first and what afterwards?

"Take note," Yegor went on writing, "in volume five of the Army Regulations soldier is a common noun and a proper one, a soldier of the first rank is called a general, and of the last a private. . . ."

The old man stirred his lips and said softly:

"It would be all right to have a look at the grandchildren."

"What grandchildren?" asked the old woman, and she looked angrily at him; "perhaps there are none."

"Well, but perhaps there are. Who knows?"

"And thereby you can judge," Yegor hurried on, "what is the enemy without and what is the enemy within. The foremost of our enemies within is Bacchus." The pen squeaked, executing upon the paper flourishes like fish-hooks. Yegor hastened and read over every line several times. He sat on a stool sprawling his broad feet under the table, well-fed, bursting with health, with a coarse animal face and a red bull neck. He was vulgarity itself: coarse, conceited, invincible, proud of having been born and bred in a pot-house; and Vasilisa quite understood the vulgarity, but could not express it in words, and could only look angrily and suspiciously at Yegor. Her head was beginning to ache, and her thoughts were in confusion from the sound of his voice and his unintelligible words, from the heat and the stuffiness, and she said nothing and thought nothing, but simply waited for him to finish scribbling. But the old man looked with full confidence. He believed in his old woman who had brought him there, and in Yegor; and when he had mentioned the hydropathic establishment it could be seen that he believed in the establishment and the healing efficacy of water.

Having finished the letter, Yegor got up and read the whole of it through from the beginning. The old man did not understand, but he nodded his head trustfully.

"That's all right; it is smooth . . ." he said. "God give you health. That's all right. . . ."

They laid on the table three five-kopeck pieces and went out of the tavern; the old man looked immovably straight before him as though he were blind, and perfect trustfulness was written on his face; but as Vasilisa came out of the tavern she waved angrily at the dog, and said angrily:

"Ugh, the plague."

The old woman did not sleep all night; she was disturbed by thoughts, and at daybreak she got up, said her prayers, and went to the station to send off the letter.

It was between eight and nine miles to the station.

II

Dr. B. O. Mozelweiser's hydropathic establishment worked on New Year's Day exactly as on ordinary days; the only difference was that the porter, Andrey Hrisanfitch, had on a uniform with new braiding, his boots had an extra polish, and he greeted every visitor with "A Happy New Year to you!"

It was the morning; Andrey Hrisanfitch was standing at the door, reading the newspaper. Just at ten o'clock there arrived a general, one of the habitual visitors, and directly after him the postman; Andrey Hrisanfitch helped the general off with his great-coat, and said:

"A Happy New Year to your Excellency!"

"Thank you, my good fellow; the same to you."

And at the top of the stairs the general asked, nodding towards the door (he asked the same question every day and always forgot the answer):

"And what is there in that room?"

"The massage room, your Excellency."

When the general's steps had died away Andrey Hrisanfitch looked at the post that had come, and found one addressed to himself. He tore it open, read several lines, then, looking at the newspaper, he walked without haste to his own room, which was downstairs close by at the end of the passage. His wife Yefimya was sitting on the bed, feeding her baby; another child, the eldest, was standing by, laying its curly head on her knee; a third was asleep on the bed.

Going into the room, Andrey gave his wife the letter and said:

"From the country, I suppose."

Then he walked out again without taking his eyes from the paper. He could hear Yefimya with a shaking voice reading the first lines. She read them and could read no more; these lines were enough for her. She burst into tears, and hugging her eldest child, kissing him, she began saying -- and it was hard to say whether she were laughing or crying:

"It's from granny, from grandfather," she said. "From the country. . . . The Heavenly Mother, Saints and Martyrs! The snow lies heaped up under the roofs now . . . the trees are as white as white. The boys slide on little sledges . . . and dear old bald grandfather is on the stove . . . and there is a little yellow dog. . . . My own darlings!"

Andrey Hrisanfitch, hearing this, recalled that his wife had on three or four occasions given him letters and asked him to send them to the country, but some important business had always prevented him; he had not sent them, and the letters somehow got lost.

"And little hares run about in the fields," Yefimya went on chanting, kissing her boy and shedding tears. "Grandfather is kind and gentle; granny is good, too -- kind-hearted. They are warm-hearted in the country, they are God-fearing . . . and there is a little church in the village; the peasants sing in the choir. Queen of Heaven, Holy Mother and Defender, take us away from here!"

Andrey Hrisanfitch returned to his room to smoke a little till there was another ring at the door, and Yefimya ceased speaking, subsided, and wiped her eyes, though her lips were still quivering. She was very much frightened of him -- oh, how frightened of him! She trembled and was reduced to terror by the sound of his steps, by the look in his eyes, and dared not utter a word in his presence.

Andrey Hrisanfitch lighted a cigarette, but at that very moment there was a ring from upstairs. He put out his cigarette, and, assuming a very grave face, hastened to his front door.

The general was coming downstairs, fresh and rosy from his bath.

"And what is there in that room?" he asked, pointing to a door.

Andrey Hrisanfitch put his hands down swiftly to the seams of his trousers, and pronounced loudly:

"Charcot douche, your Excellency!"


At Christmas Time was featured as The Short Story of the Day on Thu, Dec 20, 2018

This story is included in our collection of Christmas Stories. You might also enjoy Chekhov's The Shoemaker and the Devil.

Frequently Asked Questions about At Christmas Time

What is "At Christmas Time" by Anton Chekhov about?

"At Christmas Time" is a two-part story about an elderly peasant couple, Vasilisa and Pyotr, who hire a local scribe named Yegor to write a letter to their daughter Yefimya in St. Petersburg, whom they haven't seen in four years. Yegor ignores their heartfelt words and fills the letter with pompous, irrelevant military jargon.

In the second part, the letter arrives at the hydropathic establishment where Yefimya's husband Andrey Hrisanfitch works as a porter. Yefimya reads it and weeps, conjuring vivid memories of the countryside, while we learn she lives in fear of her husband, who has intercepted and lost her own letters home. The story is a devastating portrait of failed communication and emotional isolation during the holiday season.

What are the main themes of "At Christmas Time" by Chekhov?

The central themes of "At Christmas Time" include failure of communication, as the illiterate parents cannot write their own letter and the scribe Yegor hijacks it with irrelevant content. Isolation and separation pervade the story, with Yefimya cut off from her parents for four years by distance and her husband's indifference.

Chekhov also explores abuse of power at multiple levels: Yegor's arrogant disregard for the old couple's wishes, Andrey Hrisanfitch's emotional control over his terrified wife, and the general's casual authority over the porter. The irony of Christmas as a season of joy and reunion is underscored by the characters' loneliness, powerlessness, and inability to connect with those they love.

Who are the main characters in "At Christmas Time" by Chekhov?

The main characters are Vasilisa, an elderly peasant woman desperate to contact her daughter; her husband Pyotr, a frail, trusting old man; and Yegor, the arrogant, semi-literate scribe who writes their letter. In the second part, Yefimya (Yefimya Petrovna) is the couple's daughter, now a mother of three living in St. Petersburg and emotionally abused by her husband.

Andrey Hrisanfitch, Yefimya's husband, works as a porter at Dr. Mozelweiser's hydropathic establishment. He is indifferent to his wife's suffering and has lost the letters she tried to send home. A recurring general who visits the establishment symbolizes the rigid social hierarchy that traps every character in the story.

What is the summary of "At Christmas Time" by Chekhov?

In Part I, elderly peasants Vasilisa and Pyotr visit the tavern to hire Yegor to write a Christmas letter to their daughter Yefimya in St. Petersburg. Vasilisa dictates a few heartfelt lines -- a low bow, parental blessing, and wishes for a happy Christmas -- then breaks down crying, unable to express four years of grief and longing. Yegor ignores her words entirely and fills the letter with pompous nonsense about military regulations and "the enemy within."

In Part II, set on New Year's Day, the letter arrives at the hydropathic establishment where Yefimya's husband Andrey works as a porter. Yefimya reads it and weeps, imagining snow-covered trees, her bald grandfather on the stove, and little hares in the fields. She cries out, "Take us away from here!" We learn she is terrified of her husband, who has lost the letters she tried to send home. The story ends with Andrey snapping to attention for the forgetful general -- a bleak image of servility replacing human connection.

What literary devices does Chekhov use in "At Christmas Time"?

Chekhov employs dramatic irony throughout: readers understand that Yegor's letter is absurd nonsense, but the trusting old couple believes it is "smooth" and "all right." The two-part structure creates a powerful juxtaposition between the rural parents' world and their daughter's bleak urban existence, revealing the full scope of the family's tragedy.

Contrast drives the story's emotional impact -- the warmth of Christmas set against cold isolation, Vasilisa's genuine emotion against Yegor's pompous indifference, and Yefimya's vivid pastoral memories against her fearful present. Chekhov also uses symbolism in the general's repeated, forgotten question ("What is in that room?"), which mirrors how the powerful remain oblivious to the suffering around them. The story's abrupt, understated ending -- "Charcot douche, your Excellency!" -- is a masterful example of Chekhov's signature economy of language.

What is the role of Yegor in Chekhov's "At Christmas Time"?

Yegor is the innkeeper's brother-in-law, a former soldier hired by Vasilisa for fifteen kopecks to write a letter to her daughter. Rather than transcribing Vasilisa's heartfelt words, Yegor fills the letter with irrelevant, pompous content about military regulations, "the Code of Disciplinary Offences," and warnings about "the enemy within" being Bacchus.

Chekhov describes Yegor as "vulgarity itself: coarse, conceited, invincible," with a "coarse animal face and a red bull neck." He represents one of the story's key themes -- the abuse of power by those in positions of authority over the vulnerable. Vasilisa recognizes his vulgarity but "could not express it in words," highlighting her powerlessness. Yegor's self-serving letter ensures that the parents' love never reaches their daughter in any meaningful form.

What is the significance of the ending of "At Christmas Time" by Chekhov?

The story ends with Andrey Hrisanfitch snapping to attention as the general descends the stairs and asking, "And what is there in that room?" -- the same question he asks every day and always forgets. Andrey responds formally: "Charcot douche, your Excellency!" This abrupt, mechanical ending is deeply significant.

It demonstrates the rigid social hierarchy that governs every character's life: Andrey immediately suppresses any personal feeling to perform his servile role, just as he suppresses his wife's connection to her family. The general's daily forgetting symbolizes how the powerful remain oblivious to others' suffering. By ending on this note of empty ritual rather than resolution, Chekhov denies readers the comfort of a hopeful Christmas story, reinforcing that no rescue is coming for Yefimya or her parents.

How does Chekhov portray Yefimya's marriage in "At Christmas Time"?

Chekhov portrays Yefimya's marriage as one of emotional abuse and control. When her husband Andrey Hrisanfitch returns to their room, Yefimya immediately "ceased speaking, subsided, and wiped her eyes." Chekhov writes that "she was very much frightened of him -- oh, how frightened of him! She trembled and was reduced to terror by the sound of his steps."

The abuse operates through isolation: Andrey has intercepted and lost the letters Yefimya tried to send to her parents, cutting her off from her family entirely. She lives in a small room at the hydropathic establishment with three children, far from the countryside she longs for. Her desperate cry -- "Queen of Heaven, Holy Mother and Defender, take us away from here!" -- reveals a woman trapped in a marriage with no means of escape and no one to hear her plea.

When was "At Christmas Time" by Chekhov written and published?

"At Christmas Time" (Russian: Na svyatkakh) was written by Anton Chekhov and first published in the No. 1, January 1899 edition of Peterburgskaya Gazeta, a St. Petersburg newspaper. It is commonly dated to 1900 in English-language collections, reflecting its inclusion in later anthologies.

The story was written during Chekhov's mature period, when he had already established himself as a master of the short story form. It reflects his characteristic concern with the lives of ordinary Russians -- peasants, servants, and the urban poor -- and his ability to convey profound emotional truth through understated, economical prose. The story has been widely anthologized and translated into English, appearing in collections such as The Lady with the Dog and Other Stories.

What is the irony in Chekhov's "At Christmas Time"?

The story operates on multiple levels of irony. The most obvious is situational irony: Vasilisa pays fifteen kopecks for a heartfelt letter, but Yegor writes pompous military jargon instead. The old couple cannot read, so Pyotr declares the nonsensical letter "smooth" and "all right" -- trusting the very person who has betrayed their trust.

There is also deep dramatic irony in the Christmas setting. Christmas traditionally symbolizes reunion, joy, and divine love, yet every character in the story is isolated and powerless. Yefimya reads the letter and weeps with longing for home, but the words she reads are not her parents' words at all. Perhaps the cruelest irony is that both sides have tried to communicate -- Yefimya has written letters too -- but Andrey's indifference ensures none are ever delivered. Love exists on both sides of the divide, but it cannot cross it.

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