Indian Camp


Indian Camp (1925) is one of Hemingway's most powerful initiation stories. Young Nick Adams accompanies his doctor father to deliver a baby at an Indian camp, where birth and death converge in a single night that will shape everything he becomes. "In the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing, he felt quite sure that he would never die."

Everybody was drunk. The whole battery was drunk going along the road in the dark. We were going to the Champagne. The lieutenant kept riding his horse out into the fields and saying to him, "I'm drunk, I tell you, mon vieux. Oh, I am so soused." We went along the road all night in the dark and the adjutant kept riding up alongside my kitchen and saying, "You must put it out. It is dangerous. It will be observed." We were fifty kilometers from the front, but the adjutant worried about the fire in my kitchen. It was funny going along that road. That was when I was a kitchen Corporal.

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At the lake shore there was another rowboat drawn up. The two Indians stood waiting.

Nick and his father got in the stern of the boat and the Indians shoved it off and one of them got in to row. Uncle George sat in the stern of the camp rowboat. The young Indian shoved the camp boat off and got in to row Uncle George.

The two boats started off in the dark. Nick heard the oar-locks of the other boat quite a way ahead of them in the mist. The Indians rowed with quick choppy strokes. Nick lay back with his father's arm around him. It was cold on the water. The Indian who was rowing them was working very hard, but the other boat moved further ahead in the mist all the time.

"Where are we going, Dad?" Nick asked.

"Over to the Indian camp. There is an Indian lady very sick."

"Oh," said Nick.

Across the bay they found the other boat beached. Uncle George was smoking a cigar in the dark. The young Indian pulled the boat way up the beach. Uncle George gave both the Indians cigars.

They walked up from the beach through a meadow that was soaking wet with dew, follow虹ng the young Indian who carried a lantern. Then they went into the woods and followed a trail that led to the logging road that ran back into the hills. It was much lighter on the logging road as the timber was cut away on both sides. The young Indian stopped and blew out his lantern and they all walked on along the road.

They came around a bend and a dog came out barking. Ahead were the lights of the shanties where the Indian bark-peelers lived. More dogs rushed out at them. The two Indians sent them back to the shanties. In the shanty nearest the road there was a light in the window. An old woman stood in the doorway holding a lamp.

Inside on a wooden bunk lay a young Indian woman. She had been trying to have her baby for two days. All the old women in the camp had been helping her. The men had moved off up the road to sit in the dark and smoke out of range of the noise she made. She screamed just as Nick and the two Indians followed his father and Uncle George into the shanty. She lay in the lower bunk, very big under a quilt. Her head was turned to one side. In the upper bunk was her husband. He had cut his foot very badly with an ax three days before. He was smoking a pipe. The room smelled very bad.

Nick's father ordered some water to be put on the stove, and while it was heating he spoke to Nick.

"This lady is going to have a baby, Nick," he said.

"I know," said Nick.

"You don't know," said his father. "Listen to me. What she is going through is called being in labor. The baby wants to be born and she wants it to be born. All her muscles are trying to get the baby born. That is what is happening when she screams."

"I see," Nick said.

Just then the woman cried out.

"Oh, Daddy, can't you give her something to make her stop screaming?" asked Nick.

"No. I haven't any anæsthetic," his father said. "But her screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important."

The husband in the upper bunk rolled over against the wall.

The woman in the kitchen motioned to the doctor that the water was hot. Nick's father went into the kitchen and poured about half of the water out of the big kettle into a basin. Into the water left in the kettle he put several things he unwrapped from a handkerchief.

"Those must boil," he said, and began to scrub his hands in the basin of hot water with a cake of soap he had brought from the camp. Nick watched his father's hands scrubbing each other with the soap. While his father washed his hands very carefully and thoroughly, he talked.

"You see, Nick, babies are supposed to be born head first but sometimes they're not. When they're not they make a lot of trouble for every苑ody. Maybe I'll have to operate on this lady. We'll know in a little while."

When he was satisfied with his hands he went in and went to work.

"Pull back that quilt, will you, George?" he said. "I'd rather not touch it."

Later when he started to operate Uncle George and three Indian men held the woman still. She bit Uncle George on the arm and Uncle George said, "Damn squaw bitch!" and the young Indian who had rowed Uncle George over laughed at him. Nick held the basin for his father. It all took a long time.

His father picked the baby up and slapped it to make it breathe and handed it to the old woman.

"See, it's a boy, Nick," he said. "How do you like being an interne?"

Nick said, "All right." He was looking away so as not to see what his father was doing.

"There. That gets it," said his father and put something into the basin.

Nick didn't look at it.

"Now," his father said, "there's some stitches to put in. You can watch this or not, Nick, just as you like. I'm going to sew up the incision I made."

Nick did not watch. His curiosity has been gone for a long time.

His father finished and stood up. Uncle George and the three Indian men stood up. Nick put the basin out in the kitchen.

Uncle George looked at his arm. The young Indian smiled reminiscently.

"I'll put some peroxide on that, George," the doctor said.

He bent over the Indian woman. She was quiet now and her eyes were closed. She looked very pale. She did not know what had become of the baby or anything.

"I'll be back in the morning," the doctor said, standing up. "The nurse should be here from St. Ignace by noon and she'll bring everything we need."

He was feeling exalted and talkative as foot苑all players are in the dressing room after a game.

"That's one for the medical journal, George," he said. "Doing a Caesarian with a jack-knife and sewing it up with nine-foot, tapered gut leaders."

Uncle George was standing against the wall, looking at his arm.

"Oh, you're a great man, all right," he said.

"Ought to have a look at the proud father. They're usually the worst sufferers in these little affairs," the doctor said. "I must say he took it all pretty quietly."

He pulled back the blanket from the Indian's head. His hand came away wet. He mounted on the edge of the lower bunk with the lamp in one hand and looked in. The Indian lay with his face toward the wall. His throat had been cut from ear to ear. The blood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested on his left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blankets.

"Take Nick out of the shanty, George," the doctor said.

There was no need of that. Nick, standing in the door of the kitchen, had a good view of the upper bunk when his father, the lamp in one hand, tipped the Indian's head back.

It was just beginning to be daylight when they walked along the logging road back toward the lake.

"I'm terribly sorry I brought you along, Nickie," said his father, all his post-operative exhilaration gone. "It was an awful mess to put you through."

"Do ladies always have such a hard time hav虹ng babies?" Nick asked.

"No, that was very, very exceptional."

"Why did he kill himself, Daddy?"

"I don't know, Nick. He couldn't stand things, I guess."

"Do many men kill themselves, Daddy?"

"Not very many, Nick."

"Do many women?"

"Hardly ever."

"Don't they ever?"

"Oh, yes. They do sometimes."

"Daddy?"

"Yes."

"Where did Uncle George go?"

"He'll turn up all right."

"Is dying hard, Daddy?"

"No, I think it's pretty easy, Nick. It all depends."

They were seated in the boat, Nick in the stern, his father rowing. The sun was coming up over the hills. A bass jumped, making a circle in the water. Nick trailed his hand in the water. It felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.

In the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing, he felt quite sure that he would never die.


Frequently Asked Questions about Indian Camp

What is "Indian Camp" by Ernest Hemingway about?

Indian Camp is a short story about young Nick Adams accompanying his father, a doctor, across a lake to an Ojibwe camp where a woman has been in agonizing labor for two days. Nick's father performs an emergency Caesarean section with a jackknife and no anesthesia, successfully delivering the baby. But when the doctor checks on the husband — who has been lying in the upper bunk with a badly injured foot — he discovers the man has slit his throat with a razor, unable to bear his wife's suffering. Nick witnesses both the birth and the suicide, and on the boat ride home, asks his father a series of questions about death. The story ends with Nick trailing his hand in the water, feeling "quite sure that he would never die."

What are the main themes in "Indian Camp"?

The story explores several powerful themes. Initiation and loss of innocence is the primary theme — Nick is exposed to birth, suffering, and death in a single night, experiences that will mark him for life. The relationship between birth and death is dramatized by the simultaneous arrival of a new life and the taking of another, both accomplished with blades. Masculinity and stoicism appear in the contrast between Nick's father, who maintains clinical calm, and the Indian husband, who "couldn't stand things." The doctor's comment about the husband reflects Hemingway's lifelong preoccupation with the concept of "grace under pressure" — what separates men who endure from those who break.

Why does the Indian husband kill himself in "Indian Camp"?

Hemingway never gives an explicit reason, leaving the suicide deliberately ambiguous. The most common interpretation is that the husband could not bear hearing his wife's screams during two days of agonizing labor — especially while trapped in the bunk above her with a badly injured foot that prevented him from leaving. Some scholars add that the arrival of white men who cut his wife open without anesthesia may have compounded his helplessness and shame. The doctor's dismissive comment — "He couldn't stand things, I guess" — reduces a complex act of despair to a simple failure of endurance, reflecting the limitations of the doctor's stoic worldview rather than fully explaining the husband's motives.

Who is Nick Adams and why is he important in Hemingway's work?

Nick Adams is Hemingway's most important fictional creation — a semi-autobiographical character who appears in roughly two dozen stories spanning from childhood to adulthood. Indian Camp is his first major appearance chronologically, showing him as a young boy accompanying his doctor father. The Nick Adams stories trace his development from innocent child to war veteran to wounded adult, and they map many of Hemingway's own formative experiences: growing up in northern Michigan, fighting in World War I, and struggling with trauma. The stories were collected posthumously in The Nick Adams Stories (1972), and Nick is widely considered Hemingway's alter ego.

What literary devices does Hemingway use in "Indian Camp"?

Hemingway's iceberg theory is on full display — the prose is stripped to bare essentials, with enormous emotional weight carried beneath the surface. Situational irony drives the climax: the doctor cheerfully suggests checking on "the proud father," only to discover the man has killed himself. Juxtaposition is central to the story's structure: birth and death occur in the same room, separated only by the space between a lower and upper bunk. The objective correlative of the final image — Nick trailing his hand in warm water as the sun rises — externalizes his feeling of safety and invincibility. And the understated dialogue between Nick and his father on the boat ride home communicates enormous emotional weight through the simplest possible language.

What is the significance of the ending of "Indian Camp"?

The final line — "he felt quite sure that he would never die" — is one of the most famous endings in American short fiction. On the surface, it captures the invincibility of childhood: Nick has just witnessed death but cannot truly comprehend it as something that will happen to him. But there is a deeper, more poignant reading: Nick's certainty is precisely the kind of illusion that experience will eventually destroy. The warm water, the rising sun, and his father's reassuring presence create a cocoon of safety that the reader knows is temporary. The ending is both beautiful and heartbreaking because Hemingway wrote it knowing exactly how much pain Nick Adams would encounter in later stories.

What is the role of Uncle George in "Indian Camp"?

Uncle George is a mysterious and somewhat unsettling presence in the story. He gives cigars to the Indians, holds the woman down during the surgery, and is bitten on the arm by the laboring woman — prompting him to call her a "Damn squaw bitch." His reaction contrasts sharply with the doctor's professional detachment. Most provocatively, Uncle George disappears at the end of the story — Nick asks "Where did Uncle George go?" and the doctor responds evasively, "He'll turn up all right." Some scholars have suggested that Uncle George may be the biological father of the baby, which would explain his presence at the camp, the Indian's hostility, and his sudden disappearance. Hemingway leaves this ambiguity deliberately unresolved.

When was "Indian Camp" published?

Indian Camp was first published in 1924 in the transatlantic review and was then included in Hemingway's breakthrough 1925 collection In Our Time. It is one of the earliest Nick Adams stories and is set in the woods of northern Michigan, a landscape drawn from Hemingway's own childhood summers at his family's cottage on Walloon Lake. The story is among the most widely anthologized and taught of all Hemingway's short fiction, and it is considered a foundational example of his spare, declarative prose style.

What does Nick's father's behavior reveal about his character?

Nick's father displays both professional competence and troubling insensitivity. He performs an improvised Caesarean section with a jackknife and fishing gut, saving two lives — a genuinely heroic act. But his clinical detachment has a cruel edge: he tells Nick the woman's screams "are not important" because he doesn't hear them, and after the surgery he boasts about the medical achievement as if it were a sporting triumph. His casual suggestion to check on "the proud father" — not knowing the man is dead — reveals how completely his professional confidence has blinded him to the emotional reality of the situation. The doctor represents a kind of masculine stoicism that is effective but emotionally limited.

How does "Indian Camp" connect to the other Nick Adams stories?

Indian Camp is the first major Nick Adams story chronologically, establishing the themes and traumas that will recur throughout the series. Nick's early exposure to birth, death, and suffering in this story prefigures his later experiences: the war trauma of In Our Time, the emotional paralysis of Big Two-Hearted River, and the relationship complexities of The End of Something and Cross Country Snow. The story plants the seed of Nick's lifelong struggle with mortality — a fear that begins the moment he sees the Indian husband's slashed throat, despite the final line's bravado.

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