The Nightingale and the Rose
by Oscar Wilde
The Nightingale and the Rose was first published in 1888 as part of Oscar Wilde's collection of children's stories entitled The Happy Prince and Other Tales. That collection of children's stories also includes: The Happy Prince, The Selfish Giant, The Devoted Friend, and The Remarkable Rocket.

"She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses," cried the young Student; "but in all my garden there is no red rose."
From her nest in the holm-oak tree the Nightingale heard him, and she looked out through the leaves, and wondered.
"No red rose in all my garden!" he cried, and his beautiful eyes filled with tears. "Ah, fon what little things does happiness depend! I have read all that the wise men have written, and all the secrets of philosophy are mine, yet for want of a red rose is my life made wretched."
"Here at last is a true lover," said the Nightingale. "Night after night have I sung of him, though I knew him not: night after night have I told his story to the stars, and now I see him. His hair is dark as the hyacinth-blossom, and his lips are red as the rose of his desire; but passion has made his face like pale ivory, and sorrow has set her seal upon his brow."
"The Prince gives a ball to-morrow night," murmured the young Student, "and my love will be of the company. If I bring her a red rose she will dance with me till dawn. If I bring her a red rose, I shall hold her in my arms, and she will lean her head upon my shoulder, and her hand will be clasped in mine. But there is no red rose in my garden, so I shall sit lonely, and she will pass me by. She will have no heed of me, and my heart will break."
"Here indeed is the true lover," said the Nightingale. "What I sing of, he suffers - what is joy to me, to him is pain. Surely Love is a wonderful thing. It is more precious than emeralds, and dearer than fine opals. Pearls and pomegranates cannot buy it, nor is it set forth in the marketplace. It may not be purchased of the merchants, nor can it be weighed out in the balance for gold."
"The musicians will sit in their gallery," said the young Student, "and play upon their stringed instruments, and my love will dance to the sound of the harp and the violin. She will dance so lightly that her feet will not touch the floor, and the courtiers in their gay dresses will throng round her. But with me she will not dance, for I have no red rose to give her"; and he flung himself down on the grass, and buried his face in his hands, and wept.
"Why is he weeping?" asked a little Green Lizard, as he ran past him with his tail in the air.
"Why, indeed?" said a Butterfly, who was fluttering about after a sunbeam.
"Why, indeed?" whispered a Daisy to his neighbour, in a soft, low voice.
"He is weeping for a red rose," said the Nightingale.
"For a red rose?" they cried; "how very ridiculous!" and the little Lizard, who was something of a cynic, laughed outright.
But the Nightingale understood the secret of the Student's sorrow, and she sat silent in the oak-tree, and thought about the mystery of Love.
Suddenly she spread her brown wings for flight, and soared into the air. She passed through the grove like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden.
In the centre of the grass-plot was standing a beautiful Rose-tree, and when she saw it she flew over to it, and lit upon a spray.
"Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song."
But the Tree shook its head.
"My roses are white," it answered; "as white as the foam of the sea, and whiter than the snow upon the mountain. But go to my brother who grows round the old sun-dial, and perhaps he will give you what you want."
So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing round the old sun-dial.
"Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song."
But the Tree shook its head.
"My roses are yellow," it answered; "as yellow as the hair of the mermaiden who sits upon an amber throne, and yellower than the daffodil that blooms in the meadow before the mower comes with his scythe. But go to my brother who grows beneath the Student's window, and perhaps he will give you what you want."
So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing beneath the Student's window.
"Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song."
But the Tree shook its head.
"My roses are red," it answered, "as red as the feet of the dove, and redder than the great fans of coral that wave and wave in the ocean-cavern. But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has nipped my buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year."
"One red rose is all I want," cried the Nightingale, "only one red rose! Is there no way by which I can get it?"
"There is a way," answered the Tree; "but it is so terrible that I dare not tell it to you."
"Tell it to me," said the Nightingale, "I am not afraid."
"If you want a red rose," said the Tree, "you must build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with your own heart's-blood. You must sing to me with your breast against a thorn. All night long you must sing to me, and the thorn must pierce your heart, and your life-blood must flow into my veins, and become mine."
"Death is a great price to pay for a red rose," cried the Nightingale, "and Life is very dear to all. It is pleasant to sit in the green wood, and to watch the Sun in his chariot of gold, and the Moon in her chariot of pearl. Sweet is the scent of the hawthorn, and sweet are the bluebells that hide in the valley, and the heather that blows on the hill. Yet Love is better than Life, and what is the heart of a bird compared to the heart of a man?"
So she spread her brown wings for flight, and soared into the air. She swept over the garden like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed through the grove.
The young Student was still lying on the grass, where she had left him, and the tears were not yet dry in his beautiful eyes.
"Be happy," cried the Nightingale, "be happy; you shall have your red rose. I will build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with my own heart's-blood. All that I ask of you in return is that you will be a true lover, for Love is wiser than Philosophy, though she is wise, and mightier than Power, though he is mighty. Flame- coloured are his wings, and coloured like flame is his body. His lips are sweet as honey, and his breath is like frankincense."
The Student looked up from the grass, and listened, but he could not understand what the Nightingale was saying to him, for he only knew the things that are written down in books.
But the Oak-tree understood, and felt sad, for he was very fond of the little Nightingale who had built her nest in his branches.
"Sing me one last song," he whispered; "I shall feel very lonely when you are gone."
So the Nightingale sang to the Oak-tree, and her voice was like water bubbling from a silver jar.
When she had finished her song the Student got up, and pulled a note-book and a lead-pencil out of his pocket.
"She has form," he said to himself, as he walked away through the grove - "that cannot be denied to her; but has she got feeling? I am afraid not. In fact, she is like most artists; she is all style, without any sincerity. She would not sacrifice herself for others. She thinks merely of music, and everybody knows that the arts are selfish. Still, it must be admitted that she has some beautiful notes in her voice. What a pity it is that they do not mean anything, or do any practical good." And he went into his room, and lay down on his little pallet-bed, and began to think of his love; and, after a time, he fell asleep.
And when the Moon shone in the heavens the Nightingale flew to the Rose-tree, and set her breast against the thorn. All night long she sang with her breast against the thorn, and the cold crystal Moon leaned down and listened. All night long she sang, and the thorn went deeper and deeper into her breast, and her life-blood ebbed away from her.
She sang first of the birth of love in the heart of a boy and a girl. And on the top-most spray of the Rose-tree there blossomed a marvellous rose, petal following petal, as song followed song. Pale was it, at first, as the mist that hangs over the river - pale as the feet of the morning, and silver as the wings of the dawn. As the shadow of a rose in a mirror of silver, as the shadow of a rose in a water-pool, so was the rose that blossomed on the topmost spray of the Tree.
But the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. "Press closer, little Nightingale," cried the Tree, "or the Day will come before the rose is finished."
So the Nightingale pressed closer against the thorn, and louder and louder grew her song, for she sang of the birth of passion in the soul of a man and a maid.
And a delicate flush of pink came into the leaves of the rose, like the flush in the face of the bridegroom when he kisses the lips of the bride. But the thorn had not yet reached her heart, so the rose's heart remained white, for only a Nightingale's heart's-blood can crimson the heart of a rose.
And the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. "Press closer, little Nightingale," cried the Tree, "or the Day will come before the rose is finished."
So the Nightingale pressed closer against the thorn, and the thorn touched her heart, and a fierce pang of pain shot through her. Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her song, for she sang of the Love that is perfected by Death, of the Love that dies not in the tomb.
And the marvellous rose became crimson, like the rose of the eastern sky. Crimson was the girdle of petals, and crimson as a ruby was the heart.
But the Nightingale's voice grew fainter, and her little wings began to beat, and a film came over her eyes. Fainter and fainter grew her song, and she felt something choking her in her throat.
Then she gave one last burst of music. The white Moon heard it, and she forgot the dawn, and lingered on in the sky. The red rose heard it, and it trembled all over with ecstasy, and opened its petals to the cold morning air. Echo bore it to her purple cavern in the hills, and woke the sleeping shepherds from their dreams. It floated through the reeds of the river, and they carried its message to the sea.
"Look, look!" cried the Tree, "the rose is finished now"; but the Nightingale made no answer, for she was lying dead in the long grass, with the thorn in her heart.
And at noon the Student opened his window and looked out.
"Why, what a wonderful piece of luck!" he cried; "here is a red rose! I have never seen any rose like it in all my life. It is so beautiful that I am sure it has a long Latin name"; and he leaned down and plucked it.
Then he put on his hat, and ran up to the Professor's house with the rose in his hand.
The daughter of the Professor was sitting in the doorway winding blue silk on a reel, and her little dog was lying at her feet.
"You said that you would dance with me if I brought you a red rose," cried the Student. "Here is the reddest rose in all the world. You will wear it to-night next your heart, and as we dance together it will tell you how I love you."
But the girl frowned.
"I am afraid it will not go with my dress," she answered; "and, besides, the Chamberlain's nephew has sent me some real jewels, and everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers."
"Well, upon my word, you are very ungrateful," said the Student angrily; and he threw the rose into the street, where it fell into the gutter, and a cart-wheel went over it.
"Ungrateful!" said the girl. "I tell you what, you are very rude; and, after all, who are you? Only a Student. Why, I don't believe you have even got silver buckles to your shoes as the Chamberlain's nephew has"; and she got up from her chair and went into the house.
"What a silly thing Love is," said the Student as he walked away. "It is not half as useful as Logic, for it does not prove anything, and it is always telling one of things that are not going to happen, and making one believe things that are not true. In fact, it is quite unpractical, and, as in this age to be practical is everything, I shall go back to Philosophy and study Metaphysics."
So he returned to his room and pulled out a great dusty book, and began to read.
The Nightingale and the Rose can be appreciated by a broad range of readers; it is featured in our collection of Short Stories for High School II and Children's Stories. You may also enjoy our collection of Favorite Fairy Tales.
Frequently Asked Questions about The Nightingale and the Rose
What is "The Nightingale and the Rose" by Oscar Wilde about?
The Nightingale and the Rose tells the story of a young Student who desperately needs a red rose to give to the Professor's daughter so she will dance with him at the Prince's ball. A Nightingale overhears his lament and, believing him to be a true lover, decides to help. She learns from the Rose-tree that she must sing all night with her breast pressed against a thorn, sacrificing her life-blood to create a single red rose. The Nightingale makes this ultimate sacrifice, but when the Student presents the rose to the girl, she rejects it in favor of jewels sent by the Chamberlain's nephew. The Student throws the rose into the gutter and returns to studying philosophy, dismissing love as impractical.
What are the main themes of "The Nightingale and the Rose"?
The central themes are sacrifice and the nature of true love, materialism versus idealism, and the value of art. The Nightingale embodies selfless, idealistic love—she willingly gives her life for what she believes is a noble cause. In contrast, both the Student and the Professor's daughter represent shallow materialism: the girl prefers jewels over a rose, and the Student ultimately decides that Logic is more useful than Love. also weaves in a critique of how society undervalues art and beauty, as the Nightingale's extraordinary musical creation is literally thrown into the gutter and crushed beneath a cart-wheel.
What does the red rose symbolize in "The Nightingale and the Rose"?
The red rose symbolizes romantic love at its purest and most costly. It cannot be produced by nature alone—the Rose-tree explains that it must be "built out of music by moonlight" and stained with the Nightingale's own heart-blood. This makes the rose a fusion of art, nature, and sacrifice, representing the idea that true love requires suffering and self-giving. The three colors of roses in the garden also carry meaning: the white roses suggest innocence, the yellow roses evoke jealousy or worldly desire, and the red rose represents passionate love that demands everything from its creator. When the rose is thrown into the gutter and crushed by a cart-wheel, Wilde suggests that such profound sacrifices often go unrecognized by a materialistic world.
Why does the Nightingale sacrifice herself in "The Nightingale and the Rose"?
The Nightingale sacrifices herself because she genuinely believes the Student is a "true lover" and that Love is the most important force in the world. She declares that "Love is better than Life, and what is the heart of a bird compared to the heart of a man?" Having sung about love night after night without ever witnessing it firsthand, she sees the Student's tears as proof that real love exists. The tragic irony is that the Nightingale's understanding of love far exceeds the Student's own—he cannot even comprehend what she says to him because "he only knew the things that are written down in books." Her sacrifice is thus both heroic and futile, embodying 's view that the most selfless acts are often the least appreciated.
What literary devices does Oscar Wilde use in "The Nightingale and the Rose"?
Wilde employs several literary devices throughout the story. Personification is the most prominent—the Nightingale, Rose-trees, Oak-tree, Lizard, Butterfly, and Daisy all speak and express opinions. Allegory operates on multiple levels, with the Nightingale representing the artist or poet who sacrifices everything for a beautiful creation that the world discards. Dramatic irony pervades the story: the Student dismisses the Nightingale as "all style, without any sincerity" at the very moment she is preparing to die for him. Wilde also uses parallelism in the Nightingale's visits to three Rose-trees (white, yellow, then red), building suspense through repetition. The prose is rich with simile—the rose blooms "pale as the mist that hangs over the river" and "silver as the wings of the dawn"—and symbolism runs through every element, from the colors of the roses to the thorn that pierces the Nightingale's heart.
What happens at the end of "The Nightingale and the Rose"?
The ending delivers a double blow of irony. After the Nightingale dies creating the perfect red rose, the Student discovers it beneath his window and takes it to the Professor's daughter, declaring his love. She coldly rejects the rose, saying it will not match her dress and that the Chamberlain's nephew has sent her "real jewels," adding that "everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers." The Student angrily calls her ungrateful and throws the rose into the street, where it falls into the gutter and is crushed by a cart-wheel. He then walks home and concludes that "Love is quite unpractical" and resolves to go back to studying Philosophy and Metaphysics. The Nightingale's sacrifice is rendered completely meaningless—neither the Student nor the girl ever understands what it cost.
What is the moral of "The Nightingale and the Rose" by Oscar Wilde?
The moral is multifaceted. On one level, the story warns that genuine sacrifice and devotion are often wasted on those who cannot appreciate them. The Nightingale gives everything for love, but neither the Student nor the girl recognizes the value of her gift. On another level, Wilde critiques a society that values material wealth over beauty and art—the girl prefers jewels to a miraculous rose, and the Student prefers Logic to Love. There is also a deeper irony: the Student fancies himself a romantic but proves to be the most unfeeling character in the story, while the Nightingale, whom he dismisses as insincere, is the only one capable of true love. Wilde suggests that those who merely talk about love often understand it least, while those who act on it may go entirely unnoticed.
When was "The Nightingale and the Rose" published?
The Nightingale and the Rose was first published in 1888 as part of 's collection The Happy Prince and Other Tales, which also included The Happy Prince, The Selfish Giant, The Devoted Friend, and The Remarkable Rocket. Though labeled fairy tales and sometimes classified as children's literature, the stories contain sophisticated social commentary and moral complexity that speaks to adult readers. The collection was Wilde's first major work of prose fiction, published two years before The Picture of Dorian Gray.
Is "The Nightingale and the Rose" a fairy tale or an allegory?
It is both. As a fairy tale, the story features talking animals, magical transformations, and a simple narrative structure familiar from folk traditions. As an allegory, every element carries deeper meaning: the Nightingale represents the selfless artist or poet, the Student represents intellectual pretension without genuine feeling, the Professor's daughter represents society's shallow materialism, and the rose itself represents a work of art created through suffering. Scholars have also read the story as a parable about aestheticism—Wilde's own artistic philosophy. The Nightingale embodies the aesthetic ideal of beauty created for its own sake, while the other characters represent a utilitarian world that measures value only in practical terms. This layering of fairy tale surface and allegorical depth is characteristic of Wilde's storytelling across The Happy Prince and Other Tales.
How does the Student's character represent irony in "The Nightingale and the Rose"?
The Student is Wilde's most ironic creation in the story. He weeps over his inability to find a red rose and speaks passionately about love, yet he is fundamentally incapable of recognizing it when it appears before him. When the Nightingale speaks to him about her plan to sacrifice herself, he cannot understand her because "he only knew the things that are written down in books." He then critiques the Nightingale as being "all style, without any sincerity"—a devastating misjudgment, since she is at that very moment preparing to die for his sake. After the girl rejects his rose, the Student abandons love entirely and retreats into Metaphysics, proving he never truly valued love at all. Wilde uses the Student to satirize intellectuals who theorize about emotion without possessing any genuine depth of feeling—a recurring target in his work.
Save stories, build your reading list, and access all study tools — completely free.
Save The Nightingale and the Rose to your library — it's free!Need help with The Nightingale and the Rose?
Study tools to help with homework, prepare for quizzes, and deepen your understanding.
Flashcards → | Vocabulary → | Study Guide →