Conscience in Art
by O. Henry
Conscience in Art is a rollicking tale of two con men who swindle a Pittsburgh millionaire out of $2,500 for an ivory carving -- with one partner insisting the whole affair remain scrupulously ethical. "I never could hold my partner, Andy Tucker, down to legitimate ethics of pure swindling. Andy had too much imagination to be honest."
"I never could hold my partner, Andy Tucker, down to legitimate ethics of pure swindling," said Jeff Peters to me one day.
"Andy had too much imagination to be honest. He used to devise schemes of money-getting so fraudulent and high-financial that they wouldn't have been allowed in the bylaws of a railroad rebate system.
"Myself, I never believed in taking any man's dollars unless I gave him something for it--something in the way of rolled gold jewelry, garden seeds, lumbago lotion, stock certificates, stove polish or a crack on the head to show for his money. I guess I must have had New England ancestors away back and inherited some of their stanch and rugged fear of the police.
"But Andy's family tree was in different kind. I don't think he could have traced his descent any further back than a corporation.
"One summer while we was in the middle West, working down the Ohio valley with a line of family albums, headache powders and roach destroyer, Andy takes one of his notions of high and actionable financiering.
"'Jeff,' says he, 'I've been thinking that we ought to drop these rutabaga fanciers and give our attention to something more nourishing and prolific. If we keep on snapshooting these hinds for their egg money we'll be classed as nature fakers. How about plunging into the fastnesses of the skyscraper country and biting some big bull caribous in the chest?'
"'Well,' says I, 'you know my idiosyncrasies. I prefer a square, non- illegal style of business such as we are carrying on now. When I take money I want to leave some tangible object in the other fellow's hands for him to gaze at and to distract his attention from my spoor, even if it's only a Komical Kuss Trick Finger Ring for Squirting Perfume in a Friend's Eye. But if you've got a fresh idea, Andy,' says I, 'let's have a look at it. I'm not so wedded to petty graft that I would refuse something better in the way of a subsidy.'
"'I was thinking,' says Andy, 'of a little hunt without horn, hound or camera among the great herd of the Midas Americanus, commonly known as the Pittsburg millionaires.'
"'In New York?' I asks.
"'No, sir,' says Andy, 'in Pittsburg. That's their habitat. They don't like New York. They go there now and then just because it's expected of 'em.'
"'A Pittsburg millionaire in New York is like a fly in a cup of hot coffee--he attracts attention and comment, but he don't enjoy it. New York ridicules him for "blowing" so much money in that town of sneaks and snobs, and sneers. The truth is, he don't spend anything while he is there. I saw a memorandum of expenses for a ten days trip to Bunkum Town made by a Pittsburg man worth $15,000,000 once. Here's the way he set it down:
R. R. fare to and from . . . . . . . . . . $ 21 00 Cab fare to and from hotel . . . . . . . . 2 00 Hotel bill @ $5 per day . . . . . . . . . 50 00 Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,750 00 ---------- Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,823 00
"'That's the voice of New York,' goes on Andy. 'The town's nothing but a head waiter. If you tip it too much it'll go and stand by the door and make fun of you to the hat check boy. When a Pittsburger wants to spend money and have a good time he stays at home. That's where we'll go to catch him.'
"Well, to make a dense story more condensed, me and Andy cached our paris green and antipyrine powders and albums in a friend's cellar, and took the trail to Pittsburg. Andy didn't have any especial prospectus of chicanery and violence drawn up, but he always had plenty of confidence that his immoral nature would rise to any occasion that presented itself.
"As a concession to my ideas of self-preservation and rectitude he promised that if I should take an active and incriminating part in any little business venture that we might work up there should be something actual and cognizant to the senses of touch, sight, taste or smell to transfer to the victim for the money so my conscience might rest easy. After that I felt better and entered more cheerfully into the foul play.
"'Andy,' says I, as we strayed through the smoke along the cinderpath they call Smithfield street, 'had you figured out how we are going to get acquainted with these coke kings and pig iron squeezers? Not that I would decry my own worth or system of drawing room deportment, and work with the olive fork and pie knife,' says I, 'but isn't the entree nous into the salons of the stogie smokers going to be harder than you imagined?'
"'If there's any handicap at all,' says Andy, 'it's our own refinement and inherent culture. Pittsburg millionaires are a fine body of plain, wholehearted, unassuming, democratic men.
"'They are rough but uncivil in their manners, and though their ways are boisterous and unpolished, under it all they have a great deal of impoliteness and discourtesy. Nearly every one of 'em rose from obscurity,' says Andy, 'and they'll live in it till the town gets to using smoke consumers. If we act simple and unaffected and don't go too far from the saloons and keep making a noise like an import duty on steel rails we won't have any trouble in meeting some of 'em socially.'
"Well Andy and me drifted about town three or four days getting our bearings. We got to knowing several millionaires by sight.
"One used to stop his automobile in front of our hotel and have a quart of champagne brought out to him. When the waiter opened it he'd turn it up to his mouth and drink it out of the bottle. That showed he used to be a glassblower before he made his money.
"One evening Andy failed to come to the hotel for dinner. About 11 o'clock he came into my room.
"'Landed one, Jeff,' says he. 'Twelve millions. Oil, rolling mills, real estate and natural gas. He's a fine man; no airs about him. Made all his money in the last five years. He's got professors posting him up now in education--art and literature and haberdashery and such things.
"'When I saw him he'd just won a bet of $10,000 with a Steel Corporation man that there'd be four suicides in the Allegheny rolling mills to-day. So everybody in sight had to walk up and have drinks on him. He took a fancy to me and asked me to dinner with him. We went to a restaurant in Diamond alley and sat on stools and had a sparkling Moselle and clam chowder and apple fritters.
"'Then he wanted to show me his bachelor apartment on Liberty street. He's got ten rooms over a fish market with privilege of the bath on the next floor above. He told me it cost him $18,000 to furnish his apartment, and I believe it.
"'He's got $40,000 worth of pictures in one room, and $20,000 worth of curios and antiques in another. His name's Scudder, and he's 45, and taking lessons on the piano and 15,000 barrels of oil a day out of his wells.'
"'All right,' says I. 'Preliminary canter satisfactory. But, kay vooly, voo? What good is the art junk to us? And the oil?'
"'Now, that man,' says Andy, sitting thoughtfully on the bed, 'ain't what you would call an ordinary scutt. When he was showing me his cabinet of art curios his face lighted up like the door of a coke oven. He says that if some of his big deals go through he'll make J. P. Morgan's collection of sweatshop tapestry and Augusta, Me., beadwork look like the contents of an ostrich's craw thrown on a screen by a magic lantern.
"'And then he showed me a little carving,' went on Andy, 'that anybody could see was a wonderful thing. It was something like 2,000 years old, he said. It was a lotus flower with a woman's face in it carved out of a solid piece of ivory.
"Scudder looks it up in a catalogue and describes it. An Egyptian carver named Khafra made two of 'em for King Rameses II. about the year B.C. The other one can't be found. The junkshops and antique bugs have rubbered all Europe for it, but it seems to be out of stock. Scudder paid $2,000 for the one he has.'
"'Oh, well,' says I, 'this sounds like the purling of a rill to me. I thought we came here to teach the millionaires business, instead of learning art from 'em?'
"'Be patient,' says Andy, kindly. 'Maybe we will see a rift in the smoke ere long.'
"All the next morning Andy was out. I didn't see him until about noon. He came to the hotel and called me into his room across the hall. He pulled a roundish bundle about as big as a goose egg out of his pocket and unwrapped it. It was an ivory carving just as he had described the millionaire's to me.
"'I went in an old second hand store and pawnshop a while ago,' says Andy, 'and I see this half hidden under a lot of old daggers and truck. The pawnbroker said he'd had it several years and thinks it was soaked by some Arabs or Turks or some foreign dubs that used to live down by the river.
"'I offered him $2 for it, and I must have looked like I wanted it, for he said it would be taking the pumpernickel out of his children's mouths to hold any conversation that did not lead up to a price of $35. I finally got it for $25.
"'Jeff,' goes on Andy, 'this is the exact counterpart of Scudder's carving. It's absolutely a dead ringer for it. He'll pay $2,000 for it as quick as he'd tuck a napkin under his chin. And why shouldn't it be the genuine other one, anyhow, that the old gypsy whittled out?'
"'Why not, indeed?' says I. 'And how shall we go about compelling him to make a voluntary purchase of it?'
"Andy had his plan all ready, and I'll tell you how we carried it out.
"I got a pair of blue spectacles, put on my black frock coat, rumpled my hair up and became Prof. Pickleman. I went to another hotel, registered, and sent a telegram to Scudder to come to see me at once on important art business. The elevator dumped him on me in less than an hour. He was a foggy man with a clarion voice, smelling of Connecticut wrappers and naphtha.
"'Hello, Profess!' he shouts. 'How's your conduct?'
"I rumpled my hair some more and gave him a blue glass stare.
"'Sir,' says I, 'are you Cornelius T. Scudder? Of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania?'
"'I am,' says he. 'Come out and have a drink.'
"'I've neither the time nor the desire,' says I, 'for such harmful and deleterious amusements. I have come from New York,' says I, 'on a matter of busi--on a matter of art.
"'I learned there that you are the owner of an Egyptian ivory carving of the time of Rameses II., representing the head of Queen Isis in a lotus flower. There were only two of such carvings made. One has been lost for many years. I recently discovered and purchased the other in a pawn--in an obscure museum in Vienna. I wish to purchase yours. Name your price.'
"'Well, the great ice jams, Profess!' says Scudder. 'Have you found the other one? Me sell? No. I don't guess Cornelius Scudder needs to sell anything that he wants to keep. Have you got the carving with you, Profess?'
"I shows it to Scudder. He examines it careful all over.
"'It's the article,' says he. 'It's a duplicate of mine, every line and curve of it. Tell you what I'll do,' he says. 'I won't sell, but I'll buy. Give you $2,500 for yours.'
"'Since you won't sell, I will,' says I. 'Large bills, please. I'm a man of few words. I must return to New York to-night. I lecture to-morrow at the aquarium.'
"Scudder sends a check down and the hotel cashes it. He goes off with his piece of antiquity and I hurry back to Andy's hotel, according to arrangement.
"Andy is walking up and down the room looking at his watch.
"'Well?' he says.
"'Twenty-five hundred,' says I. 'Cash.'
"'We've got just eleven minutes,' says Andy, 'to catch the B. & O. westbound. Grab your baggage.'
"'What's the hurry,' says I. 'It was a square deal. And even if it was only an imitation of the original carving it'll take him some time to find it out. He seemed to be sure it was the genuine article.'
"'It was,' says Andy. 'It was his own. When I was looking at his curios yesterday he stepped out of the room for a moment and I pocketed it. Now, will you pick up your suit case and hurry?'
"'Then,' says I, 'why was that story about finding another one in the pawn--'
"'Oh,' says Andy, 'out of respect for that conscience of yours. Come on.'"
Frequently Asked Questions about Conscience in Art
What is "Conscience in Art" about?
"Conscience in Art" follows two con men, Jeff Peters and Andy Tucker, who travel to Pittsburgh to swindle a millionaire art collector named Cornelius T. Scudder. Jeff insists on giving victims something tangible in return for their money to ease his conscience, while Andy has no such scruples. They devise a scheme to sell Scudder a supposedly rare ivory carving, but the twist reveals that Andy actually stole Scudder's own carving and had Jeff unknowingly sell it back to him—making Jeff's "conscience" a carefully managed illusion.
What is the surprise ending of "Conscience in Art"?
In the classic twist, readers learn that the ivory carving Jeff sold to Scudder for $2,500 was actually Scudder's own property. Andy had secretly stolen it during an earlier visit to Scudder's apartment. The pawnshop story was entirely fabricated. When Jeff asks why Andy lied, Andy replies it was "out of respect for that conscience of yours"—revealing that Jeff's moral code was satisfied by an elaborate deception.
Who are Jeff Peters and Andy Tucker?
Jeff Peters and Andy Tucker are recurring characters in 's 1907 collection The Gentle Grafter. Jeff is the narrator and self-described ethical swindler who insists on giving victims something tangible in exchange for their money. Andy Tucker is Jeff's more ruthless partner who has "too much imagination to be honest" and devises schemes of "high-financial" fraud. Together they represent two contrasting philosophies of dishonesty.
What collection does "Conscience in Art" belong to?
"Conscience in Art" was first published in 's 1907 short story collection The Gentle Grafter, which contains fourteen interconnected tales about con artists Jeff Peters and Andy Tucker. The collection draws on O. Henry's own experiences and humorously explores themes of greed, wealth, and the thin line between legitimate business and outright swindling in turn-of-the-century America.
What is the significance of the ivory carving in the story?
The ivory carving—a lotus flower with a woman's face, supposedly carved by an Egyptian artisan named Khafra for King Rameses II—serves as the central plot device. Scudder paid $2,000 for it and believed only two such carvings existed. Its significance lies in how it enables the con: Andy exploits Scudder's collector obsession with owning both pieces, while the carving's supposed rarity makes the scam plausible. Ultimately, the carving symbolizes how art and greed can blind even wealthy, educated men.
How does O. Henry portray Pittsburgh millionaires in the story?
satirizes Pittsburgh's nouveau riche as "plain, wholehearted, unassuming, democratic men" who are "rough but uncivil" and "boisterous and unpolished." The millionaires are depicted as self-made industrialists who prefer their hometown's simplicity over New York's pretensions. Scudder, despite his $12 million fortune, lives above a fish market and celebrates winning a morbid bet with clam chowder. This portrait reflects the era's rags-to-riches mythology while gently mocking the cultural aspirations of the newly wealthy.
What is the moral of "Conscience in Art"?
The story satirizes the idea that conscience can be selectively applied. Jeff Peters considers himself morally superior because he gives victims "something tangible" in return for their money, yet he is ultimately complicit in outright theft. suggests that moral codes are often self-serving rationalizations—Jeff's conscience is easily satisfied by appearances rather than substance, and Andy manipulates this weakness with ease. The story questions whether ethical distinctions between types of dishonesty are meaningful or merely self-deception.
What literary devices does O. Henry use in "Conscience in Art"?
employs several signature literary devices: dramatic irony (the reader discovers that Jeff unknowingly sold stolen property), a surprise ending that recontextualizes the entire plot, and first-person narration through Jeff's colorful, colloquial voice. The story also features verbal irony in its title—"conscience" is precisely what the characters lack—and satire directed at both the con men and the wealthy class they exploit.
Why does Jeff Peters insist on giving victims something in return?
Jeff claims he "never believed in taking any man's dollars unless I gave him something for it," whether it's "rolled gold jewelry, garden seeds, lumbago lotion" or even "a crack on the head." He attributes this scruple to his New England ancestors and their "stanch and rugged fear of the police." This self-imposed rule lets Jeff maintain the fiction that he is an honest businessman rather than a criminal—a distinction treats with obvious humor, especially when Andy effortlessly circumvents it.
How does "Conscience in Art" reflect O. Henry's own life?
(William Sydney Porter) drew on his personal experience with the criminal justice system when creating the Jeff Peters stories. He served three years in prison for embezzlement from an Austin, Texas bank, working night shifts as a prison hospital pharmacist. These experiences gave him firsthand insight into the rationalizations people use to justify dishonest behavior—a theme central to "Conscience in Art" and the entire Gentle Grafter collection.
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