Punch, Brothers, Punch!
by Mark Twain
Punch, Brothers, Punch! is Twain's comic essay about a jingle so infectious it drives him to madness — an early exploration of what we now call an "earworm." "Punch, brothers, punch with care! Punch in the presence of the passenjare!"
Will the reader please to cast his eye over the following lines, and see if he can discover anything harmful in them?
Conductor, when you receive a fare,
Punch in the presence of the passenjare!
A blue trip slip for an eight-cent fare,
A buff trip slip for a six-cent fare,
A pink trip slip for a three-cent fare,
Punch in the presence of the passenjare!
CHORUS
Punch, brothers! punch with care!
Punch in the presence of the passenjare!
I came across these jingling rhymes in a newspaper, a little while ago, and read them a couple of times. They took instant and entire possession of me. All through breakfast they went waltzing through my brain; and when, at last, I rolled up my napkin, I could not tell whether I had eaten anything or not. I had carefully laid out my day's work the day before--thrilling tragedy in the novel which I am writing. I went to my den to begin my deed of blood. I took up my pen, but all I could get it to say was, "Punch in the presence of the passenjare." I fought hard for an hour, but it was useless. My head kept humming, "A blue trip slip for an eight-cent fare, a buff trip slip for a six-cent fare," and so on and so on, without peace or respite. The day's work was ruined--I could see that plainly enough. I gave up and drifted down-town, and presently discovered that my feet were keeping time to that relentless jingle. When I could stand it no longer I altered my step. But it did no good; those rhymes accommodated themselves to the new step and went on harassing me just as before. I returned home, and suffered all the afternoon; suffered all through an unconscious and unrefreshing dinner; suffered, and cried, and jingled all through the evening; went to bed and rolled, tossed, and jingled right along, the same as ever; got up at midnight frantic, and tried to read; but there was nothing visible upon the whirling page except "Punch! punch in the presence of the passenjare." By sunrise I was out of my mind, and everybody marveled and was distressed at the idiotic burden of my ravings--"Punch! oh, punch! punch in the presence of the passenjare!"
Two days later, on Saturday morning, I arose, a tottering wreck, and went forth to fulfil an engagement with a valued friend, the Rev. Mr.------, to walk to the Talcott Tower, ten miles distant. He stared at me, but asked no questions. We started. Mr.------ talked, talked, talked as is his wont. I said nothing; I heard nothing. At the end of a mile, Mr.------ said "Mark, are you sick? I never saw a man look so haggard and worn and absent-minded. Say something, do!"
Drearily, without enthusiasm, I said: "Punch brothers, punch with care! Punch in the presence of the passenjare!"
My friend eyed me blankly, looked perplexed, they said:
"I do not think I get your drift, Mark. Then does not seem to be any relevancy in what you have said, certainly nothing sad; and yet--maybe it was the way you said the words--I never heard anything that sounded so pathetic. What is--"
But I heard no more. I was already far away with my pitiless, heartbreaking "blue trip slip for an eight-cent fare, buff trip slip for a six-cent fare, pink trip slip for a three-cent fare; punch in the presence of the passenjare." I do not know what occurred during the other nine miles. However, all of a sudden Mr.------ laid his hand on my shoulder and shouted:
"Oh, wake up! wake up! wake up! Don't sleep all day! Here we are at the Tower, man! I have talked myself deaf and dumb and blind, and never got a response. Just look at this magnificent autumn landscape! Look at it! look at it! Feast your eye on it! You have traveled; you have seen boaster landscapes elsewhere. Come, now, deliver an honest opinion. What do you say to this?"__
I sighed wearily; and murmured:
"A buff trip slip for a six-cent fare, a pink trip slip for a three-cent fare, punch in the presence of the passenjare."
Rev. Mr. ------ stood there, very grave, full of concern, apparently, and looked long at me; then he said:
"Mark, there is something about this that I cannot understand. Those are about the same words you said before; there does not seem to be anything in them, and yet they nearly break my heart when you say them. Punch in the--how is it they go?"
I began at the beginning and repeated all the lines.
My friend's face lighted with interest. He said:
"Why, what a captivating jingle it is! It is almost music. It flows along so nicely. I have nearly caught the rhymes myself. Say them over just once more, and then I'll have them, sure."
I said them over. Then Mr. ------ said them. He made one little mistake, which I corrected. The next time and the next he got them right. Now a great burden seemed to tumble from my shoulders. That torturing jingle departed out of my brain, and a grateful sense of rest and peace descended upon me. I was light-hearted enough to sing; and I did sing for half an hour, straight along, as we went jogging homeward. Then my freed tongue found blessed speech again, and the pent talk of many a weary hour began to gush and flow. It flowed on and on, joyously, jubilantly, until the fountain was empty and dry. As I wrung my friend's hand at parting, I said:
"Haven't we had a royal good time! But now I remember, you haven't said a word for two hours. Come, come, out with something!"
The Rev. Mr.------ turned a lack-luster eye upon me, drew a deep sigh, and said, without animation, without apparent consciousness:
"Punch, brothers, punch with care! Punch in the presence of the passenjare!"
A pang shot through me as I said to myself, "Poor fellow, poor fellow! he has got it, now."
I did not see Mr.------ for two or three days after that. Then, on Tuesday evening, he staggered into my presence and sank dejectedly into a seat. He was pale, worn; he was a wreck. He lifted his faded eyes to my face and said:
"Ah, Mark, it was a ruinous investment that I made in those heartless rhymes. They have ridden me like a nightmare, day and night, hour after hour, to this very moment. Since I saw you I have suffered the torments of the lost. Saturday evening I had a sudden call, by telegraph, and took the night train for Boston. The occasion was the death of a valued old friend who had requested that I should preach his funeral sermon. I took my seat in the cars and set myself to framing the discourse. But I never got beyond the opening paragraph; for then the train started and the car-wheels began their 'clack, clack-clack-clack-clack! clack-clack! --clack-clack-clack!' and right away those odious rhymes fitted themselves to that accompaniment. For an hour I sat there and set a syllable of those rhymes to every separate and distinct clack the car-wheels made. Why, I was as fagged out, then, as if I had been chopping wood all day. My skull was splitting with headache. It seemed to me that I must go mad if I sat there any longer; so I undressed and went to bed. I stretched myself out in my berth, and--well, you know what the result was. The thing went right along, just the same. 'Clack-clack clack, a blue trip slip, clack-clack-clack, for an eight cent fare; clack-clack-clack, a buff trip slip, clack clack-clack, for a six-cent fare, and so on, and so on, and so on punch in the presence of the passenjare!' Sleep? Not a single wink! I was almost a lunatic when I got to Boston. Don't ask me about the funeral. I did the best I could, but every solemn individual sentence was meshed and tangled and woven in and out with 'Punch, brothers, punch with care, punch in the presence of the passenjare.' And the most distressing thing was that my delivery dropped into the undulating rhythm of those pulsing rhymes, and I could actually catch absent-minded people nodding time to the swing of it with their stupid heads. And, Mark, you may believe it or not, but before I got through the entire assemblage were placidly bobbing their heads in solemn unison, mourners, undertaker, and all. The moment I had finished, I fled to the anteroom in a state bordering on frenzy. Of course it would be my luck to find a sorrowing and aged maiden aunt of the deceased there, who had arrived from Springfield too late to get into the church. She began to sob, and said:
"'Oh, oh, he is gone, he is gone, and I didn't see him before he died!'
"'Yes!' I said, 'he is gone, he is gone, he is gone--oh, will this suffering never cease!'
"'You loved him, then! Oh, you too loved him!'
"'Loved him! Loved who?'
"'Why, my poor George! my poor nephew!'
"'Oh--him! Yes--oh, yes, yes. Certainly--certainly. Punch--punch--oh, this misery will kill me!'
"'Bless you! bless you, sir, for these sweet words! I, too, suffer in this dear loss. Were you present during his last moments?'
"'Yes. I--whose last moments?'
"'His. The dear departed's.'
"'Yes! Oh, yes--yes--yes! I suppose so, I think so, I don't know! Oh, certainly--I was there I was there!'
"'Oh, what a privilege! what a precious privilege! And his last words- -oh, tell me, tell me his last words! What did he say?'
"'He said--he said--oh, my head, my head, my head! He said--he said--he never said anything but Punch, punch, punch in the presence of the passenjare! Oh, leave me, madam! In the name of all that is generous, leave me to my madness, my misery, my despair!--a buff trip slip for a six-cent fare, a pink trip slip for a three-cent fare--endu--rance can no fur--ther go!--PUNCH in the presence of the passenjare!"
My friend's hopeless eyes rested upon mine a pregnant minute, and then he said impressively:
"Mark, you do not say anything. You do not offer me any hope. But, ah me, it is just as well--it is just as well. You could not do me any good. The time has long gone by when words could comfort me. Something tells me that my tongue is doomed to wag forever to the jigger of that remorseless jingle. There--there it is coming on me again: a blue trip slip for an eight-cent fare, a buff trip slip for a--"
Thus murmuring faint and fainter, my friend sank into a peaceful trance and forgot his sufferings in a blessed respite.
How did I finally save him from an asylum? I took him to a neighboring university and made him discharge the burden of his persecuting rhymes into the eager ears of the poor, unthinking students. How is it with them, now? The result is too sad to tell. Why did I write this article? It was for a worthy, even a noble, purpose. It was to warn you, reader, if you should came across those merciless rhymes, to avoid them--avoid them as you would a pestilence.
Frequently Asked Questions about Punch, Brothers, Punch!
What is "Punch, Brothers, Punch!" by Mark Twain about?
Punch, Brothers, Punch! (originally titled "A Literary Nightmare") is a comic essay about the torment of having an earworm — a piece of doggerel verse that lodges in the brain and cannot be dislodged. reads a jingle about streetcar conductors ("Punch in the presence of the passenjare!") in a newspaper and it immediately takes over his mind, destroying his ability to write, eat, sleep, or think about anything else. After days of suffering, he discovers he can transfer the jingle to someone else by reciting it — he infects his friend, Reverend Harris, who in turn passes it along to entire congregations. The essay is one of the earliest and most vivid literary descriptions of what modern psychologists call "involuntary musical imagery."
What is the jingle in "Punch, Brothers, Punch!"?
The jingle that drives the narrator to distraction is: "Conductor, when you receive a fare, / Punch in the presence of the passenjare! / A blue trip slip for an eight-cent fare, / A buff trip slip for a six-cent fare, / A pink trip slip for a three-cent fare, / Punch in the presence of the passenjare!" The verse was not written by but was an actual ditty published in the New York Tribune in 1876, based on instructions printed on New York City horse-car tickets. The jingle's genius as an earworm lies in its insistent rhythm, repetition, and nonsensical specificity — the color-coded fare system is just meaningful enough to engage the brain but too trivial to satisfy it, creating an endless loop.
What is the theme of "Punch, Brothers, Punch!"?
The primary theme is the involuntary power of language over the mind. Once the jingle enters Twain's head, no act of will can remove it — it overrides his thoughts, his writing, and his daily functioning. The story treats a catchy rhyme as a kind of mental virus that spreads from person to person through transmission. also satirizes the vulnerability of the literary mind: he is a professional writer, supposedly in command of language, yet a piece of doggerel has reduced him to helplessness. Richard Dawkins later cited this story as an early example of a meme — a unit of cultural information that replicates itself by hijacking human minds.
When was "Punch, Brothers, Punch!" published?
The essay was first published in February 1876 in the Atlantic Monthly under the title "A Literary Nightmare." It was later collected in the pamphlet Punch, Brothers, Punch! And Other Sketches (1878) and in various anthologies of Twain's work. The jingle itself had already been circulating widely before Twain's essay — it was published in the New York Tribune and had achieved viral popularity (in the 19th-century sense) among Harvard students, Boston commuters, and newspaper readers. 's essay amplified its reach enormously, and the jingle was subsequently translated into French and Latin, a testament to its infectious power.
How does the narrator get rid of the jingle?
After days of suffering, the narrator discovers the only cure: transferring the jingle to someone else. He recites the verse to his friend, Reverend Harris, who initially laughs but then falls victim to the same mental torment. Harris, unable to shake the jingle, inadvertently transmits it to his entire congregation through his sermon — his sentences begin taking on the rhythm and cadence of the jingle. The process works like a contagion: each victim is only freed when they successfully "infect" another person. describes this with mock gravity, as if documenting the spread of a plague. The metaphor anticipates modern viral culture — the only way to rid yourself of a meme is to share it, thereby ensuring its continued propagation.
Is "Punch, Brothers, Punch!" related to the concept of memes?
Yes — Punch, Brothers, Punch! is one of the earliest literary descriptions of what we would now call a meme. Richard Dawkins, in his book Unweaving the Rainbow, cited the story as an excellent example of a meme in action — a "ridiculous fragment of versified instruction" that replicates by passing from mind to mind. 's treatment anticipates key features of memetic theory: the jingle spreads involuntarily, resists conscious suppression, and can only be "cured" by transmission to a new host, exactly like a biological virus. Modern psychologists study the same phenomenon under the term "involuntary musical imagery" or colloquially "earworm." Twain's 1876 essay may be the first work of literature to treat a catchy tune explicitly as a mental contagion that operates beyond the victim's control.
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