Twelve Years a Slave

by Solomon Northup

CHAPTER XIII.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE CURIOUS AXE-HELVE SYMPTOMS OF APPROACHING ILLNESS — CONTINUE

TO DECLINE THE "WHIP INEFFECTUAL CONFINED TO THE CABIN VISIT

BY DR. WINES PARTIAL RECOVERY FAILURE AT COTTON PICKING

"WHAT MAY BE HEARD ON EPPs' PLANTATION LASHES GRADUATED EPPS

IN A "WHIPPING MOOD EPPS IN A DANCING MOOD DESCRIPTION OF THE

DANCE LOSS OF REST NO EXCUSE EPPs' CHARACTERISTICS JIM BURNS

REMOVAL FROM HUFF POWER TO BAYOU BCEUF DESCRIPTION OF UNCLE

ABRAM ; OF WILEY ; OF AUNT PHEBE ; OF BOB, HENRY, AND EDWARD ; OF

PATSEYJ WITH A GENEALOGICAL ACCOUNT OF EACH SOMETHING OF THEIR

PAST HISTORY, AND PECULIAR CHARACTERISTICS JEALOUSY AND LUST

PATSEY, THE VICTIM.

On my arrival at Master Epps', in obedience to his order, the first business upon which I entered was the making of an axe-helve. The handles in use there are simply a round, straight stick. I made a crooked one, shaped like those to which I had been accustom- ed at the North. When finished, and presented to Epps, he looked at it with astonishment, unable to determine exactly what it was. He had never before seen such a handle, and when I explained its conveni- ences, he was forcibly struck with the novelty of the idea. He kept it in the house a long time, and when his friends called, was wont to exhibit it as a curiosity.

It was now the season of hoeing. I was first sent

APPKOACHENG ILLNESS. 177

into the corn-field, and afterwards set to scraping cot- ton. In this employment I remained until hoeing time was nearly passed, when I began to experience the symptoms of approaching illness. I was attacked with chills, which were succeeded by a burning fever; I became weak and emaciated, and frecpiently so diz- zy that it caused me to reel and stagger like a drunk- en man. Nevertheless, I was compelled to keep up my row. "When in health I found little difficulty in keeping pace with my fellow-laborers, but now it seemed to be an utter impossibility. Often I fell be- hind, when the driver's lash was sure to greet my back, infusing into my sick and drooping body a little temporary energy. I continued to decline until at length the whip became entirely ineffectual. The sharpest sting of the rawhide could not arouse me. Finally, in September, when the busy season of cotton picking was at hand, I was unable to leave my cabin. Up to this time I had received no medicine, nor any attention from my master or mistress. The old cook visited me occasionally, preparing me corn-coffee, and sometimes boiling a bit of bacon, when I had grown too feeble to accomplish it myself.

When it was said that I would die, Master Epps, unwilling to bear the loss, which the death of an ani- mal worth a thousand dollars would bring upon him, concluded to incur the expense of sending to Holmes- ville for Dr. "Wines. He announced to Epps that it was the effect of the climate, and there was a proba- bility of his losing me. He directed me to eat no H* 12

178 TWELVE YEARS A SLAVE.

meat, and to partake of no more food than was abso- lutely necessary to sustain life. Several weeks elaps- ed, during which time, under the scanty diet to which I was subjected, I had partially recovered. One morning, long before I was in a proper condition to labor, Epps appeared at the cabin door, and, present- ing me a sack, ordered me to the cotton field. At this time I had had no experience whatever in cotton pick- ing. It was an awkward business indeed. While others used both hands, snatching the cotton and de- positing it in the mouth of the sack, with a precision and dexterity that was incomprehensible to me, I had to seize the boll with one hand, and deliberately draw out the white, gushing blossom with the other. Depositing the cotton in the sack, moreover, was a difficulty that demanded the exercise of both hands and eyes. I was compelled to pick it from the ground where it would fall, nearly as often as from the stalk where it had grown. I made havoc also with the branches, loaded with the yet unbroken bolls, the long, cumbersome sack swinging from side to side in a manner not allowable in the cotton field. After a most laborious day I arrived at the gin-house with my I load. When the scale determined its weight to be only ninety -five pounds, not half the quantity required of the poorest picker, Epps threatened the severest flogging, but in consideration of my being a " raw hand," concluded to pardon me on that occasion. The following day, and many days succeeding, I re- turned at nisdit with no better success — I was evi-

LASHES GRADUATED. 179

dently not designed for that kind of labor. I had not the gift — the dexterous fingers and quick motion of Patsey, who could fly along one side of a row of cot- ton, stripping it of its underlie d and fleecy whiteness miraculously fast. Practice and whipping were alike unavailing, and Epps, satisfied of it at last, swore I was a disgrace — that I was not fit to associate with a cot- ton-picking "nigger" — that I could not pick enough in a day to pay the trouble of weighing it, and that I should go into the cotton field no more. I was now employed in cutting and hauling wood, drawing cot- ton from the field to the gin-house, and performed whatever other service was required. Suffice to say, I was never permitted to be idle.

It was rarely that a day passed by without one or more whippings. This occurred at the time the cot- ton was weighed. The delinquent, whose weight had fallen short, was taken out, stripped, made to lie upon the ground, face downwards, when he received a pun- ishment proportioned to his offence. It is the literal, unvarnished truth, that the crack of the lash, and the shrieking of the slaves, can be heard from dark till bed time, on Epps' plantation, any day almost during the entire period of the cotton-picking season.

The number of lashes is graduated according to the nature of the case. Twenty-five are deemed a mere brush, inflicted, for instance, when a dry leaf or piece of boll is found in the cotton, or when a branch is broken in the field ; fifty is the ordinary penalty fol- lowing all delinquencies of the next higher grade ; one

180 TWELVE YEARS A SLAVE.

hundred is called severe : it is the punishment inflict- ed for the serious offence of standing idle in the field ; from one hundred and fifty to two hundred is bestow- ed upon him who quarrels with his cabin-mates, and five hundred, well laid on, besides the mangling of the dogs, perhaps, is certain to consign the poor, un- pitied runaway to weeks of pain and agony.

During the two years Epps remained on the plan- tation at Bayou Huff Power, he was in the habit, as often as once in a fortnight at least, of coming home intoxicated from Holmesville. The shooting-matches almost invariably concluded with a debauch. At such times he was boisterous and half-crazy. Often he would break the dishes, chairs, and whatever furni- ture he could lay his hands on. "When satisfied with his amusement in the house, he would seize the whip and walk forth into the yard. Then it behooved the slaves to be watchful and exceeding wary. The first one who came within reach felt the smart of his lash. Sometimes for hours he would keep them running in all directions, dodging around the corners of the cab- ins. Occasionally he would come upon one unawares, and if he succeeded in inflicting a fair, round blow, it was a feat that much delighted him. The younger children, and the aged, who had become inactive, suffered then. In the midst of the confusion he would slily take his stand behind a cabin, waiting with rais- ed whip, to dash it into the first black face that peep- ed cautiously around the corner.

At other times he would come home in a less brutal

EPPS IN A DANCING MOOD. 181

humor. Then there must be a merry-making. Then all must move to the measure of a tune. Then Mas- ter Epps must needs regale his melodious ears with the music of a fiddle. Then did he become buoyant, elastic, gaily " tripping the light fantastic toe" around the piazza and all through the house.

Tibeats, at the time of my sale, had informed him I could play on the violin. He had receiv- ed his information from Ford. Through the im- portunities of Mistress Epps, her husband had been in- duced to purchase me one during a visit to New-Or- leans. Frequently I was called into the house to play before the family, mistress being passionately fond of music.

All of us would be assembled in the large room of the great house, whenever Epps came home in one of his dancing moods. No matter how worn out and tired we were, there must be a general dance. When properly stationed on the floor, I would strike up a tune.

"Dance, you d — d niggers, dance," Epps would shout.

Then there must be no halting or delay, no slow or languid movements ; all must be brisk, and lively, and alert. " Up and down, heel and toe, and away we go," was the order of the hour. Epps' portly form mingled with those of his dusky slaves, moving rap- idly through all the mazes of the dance.

Usually his whip was in his hand, ready to fall about the ears of the presumptuous thrall, who dared to rest a moment, or even stop to catch his breath.

182 TWELVE YEAES A SLAVE.

When lie was himself exhausted, there would be a brief cessation, but it would be very brief. With a slash, and crack, and flourish of the whip, he would shout again, " Dance, niggers, dance," and away they w r ould go once more, pell-mell, while I. spurred by an occasional sharp touch of the lash, sat in a corner, ex- tracting from my violin a marvelous quick-stepping tune. The mistress often upbraided him, declaring she would return to her father's house at Cheney ville ; nevertheless, there were times she could not restrain a burst of laughter, on witnessing his uproarious pranks. Frequently, we were thus detained until al- most morning. Bent with excessive toil — actually suffering for a little refreshing rest, and feeling rather as if we could cast ourselves upon the earth and weep, many a night in the house of Edwin Epps have his unhappy slaves been made to dance and laugh.

Notwithstanding these deprivations in order to grat- ify the whim of an unreasonable master, we had to be in the field as soon as it was light, and during the day perform the ordinary and accustomed task. Such deprivations could not be urged at the scales in exten- uation of any lack of weight, or in the cornfield for not hoeing with the usual rapidity. The whippings were just as severe as if we had gone forth in the morning, strengthened and invigorated by a night's repose. Indeed, after such frantic revels, he was always more sour and savage than before, punishing for slighter causes, and using the whip with increased and more vindictive energy.

CHARACTER OF EPrS. 183

Ten years I toiled for that man without reward. Ten years of my incessant labor has contributed to increase the bulk of his possessions. Ten years I was compelled to address him with down-cast eyes and uncovered head — in the attitude and language of a slave. I am indebted to him for nothing, save unde- served abuse and stripes.

Beyond the reach of his inhuman thong, and stand- ing on the soil of the free State where I was born, thanks be to Heaven, I can raise my head once more among men. I can speak of the wrongs I have suf- fered, and of those who inflicted them, with upraised eyes. But I have no desire to speak of him or any other one otherwise than truthfully. Yet to speak truthfully of Edwin Epps would be to say — he is a man in whose heart the quality of kindness or of jus- tice is not found. A rough, rude energy, united with an uncultivated mind and an avaricious spirit, are his prominent characteristics. He is known as a " nigger breaker," distinguished for his faculty of subduing the spirit of the slave, and priding himself upon his repu- tation in this respect, as a jockey boasts of his skill in managing a refractory horse. He looked upon a col- ored man, not as a human being, responsible to his Crea- tor for the small talent entrusted to him, but as a " chat- tel personal," as mere live property, no better, except in value, than his mule or dog. When the evidence, clear and indisputable, was laid before him that I was a free man, and as much entitled to my liberty as he — when, on the day I left, he was informed that I

184 TWELVE YEARS A SLAVE.

liad a wife and children, as dear to rne as his own "babes to him, he only raved and swore, denouncing the law that tore me from him, and declaring he would find out the man who had forwarded the letter that disclosed the place of my captivity, if there was any virtue or power in money, and would take his life. He thought of nothing but his loss, and cursed me for having been born free. He could have stood unmoved and seen the tongues of his poor slaves torn out by the roots — he could have seen them burned to ashes over a slow lire, or gnawed to death by dogs, if it only brought him profit. Such a hard, cruel, unjust man is Edwin Epps.

There was but one greater savage on Bayou Bceuf than he. Jim Burns' plantation was cultivated, as already mentioned, exclusively by women. That barbarian kept their backs so sore and raw, that they could not perform the customary labor demanded daily of the slave. He boasted of his cruelty, and through all the country round was accounted a more thorough-going, energetic man than even Epps. A brute himself, Jim Burns had not a particle of mercy for his subject brutes, and like a fool, whipped and scourged away the very strength upon which depend- ed his amount of gain.

Epps remained on Huff Power two years, when, having accumulated a considerable sum of money, he expended it in the purchase of the plantation on the east bank of Bayou Boeuf, where he still continues to reside. He took possession of it in 1845, after the

UNCLE ABEAM, WILEY, &C. 185

holidays were passed. He carried thither with him nine slaves, all of whom, except myself, and Susan, who has since died, remain there yet. He made no addition to this force, and for eight years the follow- ing were my companions in his quarters, viz : Abram, "Wiley, Phebe, Bob, Henry, Edward, and Patsey. All these, except Edward, born since, were purchased out of a drove by Epps during the time he was over- seer for Archy B. Williams, whose plantation is situa- ted on the shore of Red River, not far from Alexan- dria.

Abram was tall, standing a full head above any common man. He is sixty years of age, and was born in Tennessee. Twenty years ago, he was pur- chased by a trader, carried into South Carolina, and sold to James Buford, of Willi arnsburgh county, in that State. In his youth he was renowned for his great strength, but age and unremitting toil have somewhat shattered his powerful frame and enfeebled his mental faculties.

Wiley is forty-eight. He was born on the estate of William Tassle, and for many years took charge of * that gentleman's ferry over the Big Black Kiver, in South Carolina.

Phebe was a slave of Buford, Tassle's neighbor, and having married Wiley, he bought the latter, at her instigation. Buford was a kind master, sheriff of the county, and in those days a man of wealth.

Bob and Henry are Phebe's children, by a former t husband, their father having been abandoned to give

186 TWELVE TEAKS A SLAVE.

place to Wiley. That seductive youth had insinuated himself into Phebe's affections, and therefore the faithless spouse had gently kicked her first husband out of her cabin door. Edward had been born to them on Bayou Huff Power.

Patsey is twenty-three — also from Buford's planta- tion. She is in no wise connected with the others, but glories in the fact that she is the offspring of a " Guinea nigger," brought over to Cuba in a slave ship, and in the course of trade transferred to Buford, who was her mother's owner.

This, as I learned from them, is a genealogical account of my master's slaves. For years they had been to- gether. Often they recalled the memories of other days, and sighed to retrace their steps to the old home in Carolina. Troubles came upon their master Bu- ford, which brought far greater troubles upon them. He became involved in debt, and unable to bear up against his failing fortunes, was compelled to sell these, and others of his slaves. In a chain gang they had been driven from beyond the Mississippi to the plan- tation of Archy B. Williams. Edwin Epps, who, for a long while had been his driver and overseer, was about establishing himself in business on his own ac- count, at the time of their arrival, and accepted them in payment of his wages.

Old Ab ram was a kind-hearted being — a sort of patriarch among us, fond of entertaining his younger brethren with grave and serious discourse. He was deeply versed in such philosophy as is taught in the

UNCLE ABEAM AND ATJNT PHEBE. 187

cabin of the slave ; but the great absorbing hobby of Uncle Abram was General Jackson, whom his young master in Tennessee had followed to the wars. He loved to wander back, in imagination, to the place where he was born, and to recount the scenes of his youth during those stirring times when the nation was in arms. He had been athletic, and more keen and powerful than the generality of his race, but now his eye had become dim, and his natural force abated. Very ofteiij indeed, while discussing the best method of baking the hoe-cake, or expatiating at large upon the glory of Jackson, he would forget where he left his hat, or his hoe, or his basket ; and then would the old man be laughed at, if Epps was absent, and whip- ped if he was present. So was he perplexed continu- ally, and sighed to think that he was growing aged and going to decay. Philosophy and Jackson and forgetfulness had played the mischief with him, and it was evident that all of them combined were fast bringing down the gray hairs of Uncle Abram to the grave.

Aunt Phebe had been an excellent field hand, but latterly was put into the kitchen, where she remained, except occasionally, in a time of uncommon hurry. She was a sly old creature, and when not in the presence of her mistress or her master, was garrulous in the extreme.

Wiley, on the contrary, was silent. He performed his task without murmur or complaint, seldom in- dulging in the luxury of speech, except to utter a

188 TWELVE TEAKS A SLAVE.

wish, tliat lie was away from Epps, and back once more in South Carolina.

Boh and Henry had reached the ages of twenty and twenty-three, and were distinguished for nothing extraordinary or unusual, while Edward, a lad of thirteen, not yet able to maintain his row in the corn or the cotton field, was kept in the great house, to wait on the little Eppses.

Patsey was slim and straight. She stood erect as the human form is capable of standing. There was an air of loftiness in her movement, that neither labor, nor weariness, nor punishment could destroy. Truly, Patsey was a splendid animal, and were it not that bondage had enshrouded her intellect in utter and everlasting darkness, would have been chief among ten thousand of her people. She could leap the highest fences, and a fleet hound it was indeed, that could outstrip her in a race. No horse could fling her from his back. She was a skillful teamster. She turned as true a furrow as the best, and at splitting rails there were none who could excel her. When the order to halt was heard at night, she would have her mules at the crib, unharnessed, fed and curried, before uncle Abram had found his hat. Not, how- ever, for all or any of these, was she chiefly famous. Such lightning-like motion was in her fingers as no other fingers ever possessed, and therefore it was, that in cotton picking time, Patsey was queen of the field.

She had a -genial and pleasant temper, and was faithful and obedient. Naturally, she was a joyous

TREATMENT OF PATSET. 189

creature, a laughing, light-hearted girl, rejoicing in the mere sense of existence. Yet Patsey wept oftener, and suffered more, than any of her companions. She had heen literally excoriated. Her back bore the scars of a thousand stripes; not because she was backward in her work, nor because she was of an un- mindful and rebellious spirit, but because it had fallen to her lot to be the slave of a licentious master and a jealous mistress. She shrank before the lustful eye of the one, and was in danger even of her life at the hands of the other, and between the two, she was indeed accursed. In the great house, for days together, there were high and angry words, poutings and estrangement, whereof she was the innocent cause. Nothing delighted the mistress so much as to see her suffer, and more than once, when Epps had refused to sell her, has she tempted me with bribes to put her secretly to death, and bury her body in some lonely place in the margin of the swamp. Gladly would Patsey have appeased this unforgiving spirit, if it had been in her power, but not like Joseph, dared sho escape from Master Epps, leaving her garment in his hand. Patsey walked under a cloud. If she- uttered a word in opposition to her master's will, the lash was resorted to at once, to bring her to subjection ; if she was not watchful when about her cabin, or when walking in the yard, a billet of wood, or a broken bottle perhaps, hurled from her mistress' hand, would smite her unexpectedly in the face. The enslaved vic- tim of lust and hate, Patsey had no comfort of her life.

190 TWELVE YEAES A SLAVE.

These were my companions and fellow-slaves, with whom I was accustomed to be driven to the field, and with whom it has been my lot to dwell for ten years in the log cabins of Edwin Epps. They, if living, are yet toiling on the banks of Bayou Boeuf, never des- tined to breathe, as I now do, the blessed air of liberty, nor to shake oif the heavy shackles that enthrall them, until they shall lie down forever in the dust.