CHAPTER 16 Great Expectations


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WITH my head full of George Barnwell, I was at first disposed to believe that I must have had some hand in the attack upon my sister, or at all events that as her near relation, popularly known to be under obligations to her, I was a more legitimate object of sus- picion than any one else. But when, in the clearer light of next morning, I began to reconsider the matter and to hear it discussed around me on all sides, I took another view of the case, which was more reasonable.

Joe had been at the Three Jolly Bargemen, smoking his pipe, from a quarter after eight o'clock to a quarter before ten. While he was there, my sister had been seen standing at the kitchen door, and had exchanged Good Night with a farm-labourer going home. The man could not be more particular as to the time at which he saw her (he got into dense confusion when he tried to be), than that it must have been before nine. When Joe went home at five mrnutes before ten, he found her struck down on the floor, and promptly called in assistance. The fire had not then burnt unusually low, nor was the snuff of the candle very long; the candle, however, had been blown out.

Nothing had been taken away from any part of the house. Neither, beyond the blowing out of the candle -- which stood on a table between the door and my sister, and was behind her when she stood fucing the fire and was struck -- was there any disarrangement of the kitchen, excepting such as she herself had made, in falling and bleeding. But, there was one remarkable piece of evidence on the spot. She had been struck with something blunt and heavy, on the head and spine; after the blows were dealt, something heavy had been thrown down at her with considerable violence, as she lay on her face. And on the ground beside her, when Joe picked her up, was a convict's leg-iron which had been filed asunder.

Now, Joe, examining this iron with a smith's eye, declared it to have been filed asunder some time ago. The hue and cry going off to the Hulks, and people coming thence to examine the iron, Joe's opinion was corroborated. They did not undertake to say when it had left the prison-ships to which it undoubtedly had once be- longed; but they claimed to know for certain that that particular manacle had not been worn by either of two convicts who had escaped last night. Further, one of those two was already re-taken, and had not freed himself of his iron.

Knowing what I knew, I set up an inference of my own here. I believed the iron to be my convict's iron -- the iron I had seen and heard him filing at, on the marshes -- but my mind did not accuse him of having put it to its latest use. For, I believed one of two other persons to have become possessed of it, and to have turned it to this cruel account. Either Orlick, or the strange man who had shown me the file.

Now, as to Orlick; he had gone to town exactly as he told us when we picked him up at the turnpike, he had been seen about town all the evening, he had been in divers companies in several public-houses, and he had come back with myself and Mr Wopsle. There was nothing against him, save the quarrel; and my sister had quarrelled with him, and with everybody else about her, ten thousand times. As to the strange man; if he had come back for his two bank-notes there could have been no dispute about them, because my sister was fully prepared to restore them. Besides, there had been no altercation; the assailant had come in so silently and suddenly, that she had been felled before she could look round.

It was horrible to think that I had provided the weapon, however undesignedly, but I could hardly think otherwise. I suffered un- speakable trouble while I considered and reconsidered whether I should at last dissolve that spell of my childhood, and tell Joe all the story. For months afterwards, I every day settled the question finally in the negative, and reopened and reargued it next morning. The contention came, after all, to this; -- the secret was such an old one now, had so grown into me and become a part of myself, that l could not tear it away. In addition to the dread that, having led up to so much mischief, it would be now more likely than ever to alienate Joe from me if he believed it, I had a further restraining dread that he would not believe it, but would assort it with the fabulous dogs and veal-cutlets as a monstrous invention. However, I temporized with myself, of course -- for, was I not wavering be- tween right and wrong, when the thing is always done? -- and re- solved to make a full disclosure if I should see any such new occasion as a new chance of helping in the discovery of the assailant.

The Constables, and the Bow Street men from London -- for, this happened in the days of the extinct red-waistcoated police -- were about the house for a week or two, and did pretty much what I have heard and read of like authorities doing in other such cases. They took up several obviously wrong people, and they ran their heads very hard against wrong ideas, and persisted in trying to fit the circumstances to the ideas, instead of trying to extmct ideas from the circumstances. Also, they stood about the door of the Jolly Bargemen, with knowing and reserved looks that filled the whole neighbourhood with admiration; and they had a mysterious manner of taking their drink, that was almost as good as taking the culprit. But not quite, for they never did it.

Long after these constitutional powers had dispersed, my sister lay very ill in bed. Her sight was disturbed, so that she saw objects multiplied, and grasped at visionary teacups and wine-glasses instead of the realities; her hearing was greatly impaired; her memory also; and her speech was unintelligible. When, at last, she came round so far as to be helped down-stairs, it was still necessary to keep my slate always by her, that she might indicate in writing what she could not indicate in speech. As she was (very bad handwriting apart) a more than indifferent speller, and as Joe was a more than indifferent reader, extraordinary complica- tions arose between them, which I was always called in to solve. The administration of mutton instead of medicine, the substitution of Tea for Joe, and the baker for bacon, were among the mildest of my own mistakes.

However, her temper was greatly improved, and she was patient. A tremulous uncertainty of the action of all her limbs soon became a part of her regular state, and afterwards, at intervals of two or three months, she would often put her hands to her head, and would then remain for about a week at a time in some gloomy aberration of mind. We were at a loss to find a suitable attendant for her, until a circumstance happened conveniently to relieve us. Mr Wopsle's great-aunt conquered a confirmed habit of living into which she had fallen, and Biddy became a part of our establish- ment.

It may have been about a month after my sister's reappearance in the kitchen, when Biddy came to us with a small speckled box containing the whole of her worldly effects, and became a blessing to the household. Above all, she was a blessing to Joe, for the dear old fellow was sadly cut up by the constant contemplation of the wreck of his wife, and had been accustomed, while attending on her of an evening, to turn to me every now and then and say, with his blue eyes moistened, `Such a fine figure of a woman as she once were, Pip!' Biddy instantly taking the cleverest charge of her as though she had studied her from infancy, Joe became able in some sort to appreciate the greater quiet of his life, and to get down to the Jolly Bargemen now and then for a change that did him good. It was characteristic of the police people that they had all more or less suspected poor Joe (though he never knew it), and that they had to a man concurred in regarding him as one of the deepest spirits they had ever encountered.

Biddy's first triumph in her new office, was to solve a difficulty that had completely vanquished me. I had tried hard at it, but had made nothing of it. Thus it was:

Again and again and again, my sister had traced upon the slate, a character that looked like a curious T, and then with the utmost eagerness had called our attention to it as something she par- ticularly wanted. I had in vain tried everything producible that began with a T, from tar to toast and tub. At length it had come into my head that the sign looked like a hammer, and on my lustily calling that word in my sister's ear, she had begun to hammer on the table and had expressed a qualified assent. Thereupon, I had brought in all our hammers, one after another, but without avail. Then I bethought me of a crutch, the shape being much the same and I borrowed one in the village, and displayed it to my sister with considerable confidence. But she shook her head to that extent when she was shown it, that we were terrified lest in her weak and shattered state she should dislocate her neck.

When my sister found that Biddy was very quick to under- stand her, this mysterious sign reappeared on the slate. Biddy looked thoughtfully at it, heard my explanation, looked thoughtfully at my sister, looked thoughtfully at Joe (who was always represented on the slate by his initial letter), and ran into the forge, followed by Joe and me.

`Why, of course!' cried Biddy, with an exultant fuce. `Don't you see? It's him.!

Orlick, without a doubt! She had lost his name, and could only signify him by his hammer. We told him why we wanted him to come into the kitchen, and he slowly laid down his hammer, wiped his brow with his arm, took another wipe at it with his apron, and cune slouching out, with a curious loose vagabond bend in the knees that strongly distinguished him.

I confess that I expected to see my sister denounce him, and that I was disappointed by the different result. She manifested the greatest anxiety to be on good terms with him, was evidently much pleased by his being at length produced, and motioned that she would have him given something to drink. She watched his countenance as if she were particularly wishful to be assured that he took kindly to his reception, she showed every possible desire to conciliate him, and there was an air of humble propitiation in all she did, such as I have seen pervade the bearing of a child towards a hard master. After that day, a day rarely passed without her draw- ing the hammer on her slate, and without Orlick's slouching in and standing doggedly before her, as if he knew no more than I did what to make of it.

Frequently Asked Questions about CHAPTER 16 from Great Expectations

What happens in Chapter 16 of Great Expectations?

Chapter 16 covers the aftermath of the brutal attack on Mrs. Joe Gargery. Joe discovers her struck down on the kitchen floor upon returning from the Three Jolly Bargemen. Beside her lies a convict's leg-iron that has been filed apart, which Pip privately believes belonged to his convict from the marshes. The police investigation is comically inept and no one is arrested. Mrs. Joe survives but is left with severely impaired vision, hearing, memory, and speech. Biddy moves in after Mr. Wopsle's great-aunt dies and becomes Mrs. Joe's caretaker. Biddy decodes a mysterious symbol Mrs. Joe keeps drawing on her slate — a hammer shape that represents Orlick. When Orlick is brought to her, Mrs. Joe does not accuse him but instead shows an anxious desire to please him.

Who attacked Mrs. Joe in Great Expectations Chapter 16?

The identity of Mrs. Joe's attacker is not revealed in Chapter 16, though several suspects are considered. Pip believes the weapon — a filed convict's leg-iron — belonged to the convict he helped on the marshes, and he privately suspects either Orlick or the mysterious stranger who showed him the file at the Three Jolly Bargemen. Orlick has an alibi, having been seen around town all evening, and the stranger had no obvious motive. The police never identify the assailant. However, Mrs. Joe's later behavior — repeatedly asking for Orlick via her slate and showing submissive deference to him — strongly hints at his involvement, a suspicion that is confirmed much later in the novel.

What does the leg-iron symbolize in Chapter 16 of Great Expectations?

The convict's leg-iron carries layered symbolic meaning in Chapter 16. Originally an instrument of criminal punishment and state justice, it is repurposed as a weapon of brutal violence — suggesting that the mechanisms of justice can themselves become tools of harm. For Pip specifically, the leg-iron represents his secret guilt: he believes it is the very iron he watched his convict file off on the marshes, meaning his childhood act of compassion inadvertently provided the weapon used against his own sister. The iron thus connects the themes of guilt, crime, and unintended consequences that run throughout the novel.

Why does Pip feel guilty about the attack on Mrs. Joe?

Pip feels guilty because he believes he inadvertently provided the weapon used in the attack. The convict's leg-iron found beside Mrs. Joe is, in Pip's judgment, the same iron he saw and heard his convict filing off on the marshes in the opening chapters. Although Pip did not commit the assault, his secret assistance to the escaped convict set in motion the chain of events that made the weapon available. Pip agonizes daily over whether to confess the full story of his childhood encounter to Joe, but he ultimately stays silent — fearing that Joe would either be alienated by the revelation or dismiss it as a "monstrous invention" alongside other childhood fabrications.

What role does Biddy play in Chapter 16 of Great Expectations?

Biddy enters the Gargery household after Mr. Wopsle's great-aunt dies, taking over as Mrs. Joe's caretaker. She quickly proves herself indispensable through her sharp intelligence and gentle competence. Her most significant contribution is solving the mystery of Mrs. Joe's slate drawing — a "curious T" shape that Pip had tried unsuccessfully to decode. Where Pip guessed tar, toast, tub, and even a crutch, Biddy recognizes the shape as a hammer and immediately connects it to Orlick, the journeyman blacksmith. Biddy's arrival also provides emotional relief to Joe, who had been "sadly cut up" by the constant contemplation of his wife's condition.

Why does Mrs. Joe want to see Orlick after the attack in Great Expectations?

Mrs. Joe's desire to see Orlick is one of the most psychologically complex moments in Chapter 16. After Biddy decodes the hammer symbol on her slate, Orlick is brought to Mrs. Joe — but instead of denouncing him, she shows "the greatest anxiety to be on good terms with him." She wants him given something to drink, watches his face to ensure he receives her warmly, and displays "an air of humble propitiation" like a child toward a harsh master. Dickens never explains her motivation directly, leaving readers to interpret whether she recognizes her attacker and is appeasing him out of fear, or whether her brain damage has altered her personality so fundamentally that her former aggression has been replaced by submissiveness.

 

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