Luck


Luck is a brief, devastating sketch about a celebrated military hero whose entire career of brilliant victories is revealed to be the result of pure, unbroken stupidity and blind luck. "He's an absolute fool."
Luck by Mark Twain

[Note: This is not a fancy sketch. I got it from a clergyman who was an instructor at Woolwich forty years ago, and who vouched for its truth. --M.T.]

It was at a banquet in London in honor of one of the two or three conspicuously illustrious English military names of this generation. For reasons which will presently appear, I will withhold his real name and titles, and call him Lieutenant General Lord Arthur Scoresby, V.C., K.C.B., etc., etc., etc. What a fascination there is in a renowned name! There sat the man, in actual flesh, whom I had heard of so many thousands of times since that day, thirty years before, when his name shot suddenly to the zenith from a Crimean battlefield, to remain forever celebrated. It was food and drink to me to look, and look, and look at that demigod; scanning, searching, noting: the quietness, the reserve, the noble gravity of his countenance; the simple honesty that expressed itself all over him; the sweet unconsciousness of his greatnessunconsciousness of the hundreds of admiring eyes fastened upon him, unconsciousness of the deep, loving, sincere worship welling out of the breasts of those people and flowing toward him.

The clergyman at my left was an old acquaintance of mineclergyman now, but had spent the first half of his life in the camp and field, and as an instructor in the military school at Woolwich. Just at the moment I have been talking about, a veiled and singular light glimmered in his eyes, and he leaned down and muttered confidentially to meindicating the hero of the banquet with a gesture:

"Privatelyhe's an absolute fool."

This verdict was a great surprise to me. If its subject had been Napoleon, or Socrates, or Solomon, my astonishment could not have been greater. Two things I was well aware of: that the Reverend was a man of strict veracity, and that his judgement of men was good. Therefore I knew, beyond doubt or question, that the world was mistaken about this hero: he was a fool. So I meant to find out, at a convenient moment, how the Reverend, all solitary and alone, had discovered the secret.

Some days later the opportunity came, and this is what the Reverend told me.

About forty years ago I was an instructor in the military academy at Woolwich. I was present in one of the sections when young Scoresby underwent his preliminary examination. I was touched to the quick with pity; for the rest of the class answered up brightly and handsomely, while hewhy, dear me, he didn't know anything, so to speak. He was evidently good, and sweet, and lovable, and guileless; and so it was exceedingly painful to see him stand there, as serene as a graven image, and deliver himself of answers which were veritably miraculous for stupidity and ignorance. All the compassion in me was aroused in his behalf. I said to myself, when he comes to be examined again, he will be flung over, of course; so it will be simply a harmless act of charity to ease his fall as much as I can. I took him aside, and found that he knew a little of Csar's history; and as he didn't know anything else, I went to work and drilled him like a galley slave on a certain line of stock questions concerning Csar which I knew would be used. If you'll believe me, he went through with flying colors on examination day! He went through on that purely superficial "cram," and got compliments too, while others, who knew a thousand times more than he, got plucked. By some strangely lucky accidentan accident not likely to happen twice in a centuryhe was asked no question outside of the narrow limits of his drill.

It was stupefying. Well, all through his course I stood by him, with something of the sentiment which a mother feels for a crippled child; and he always saved himselfjust by miracle, apparently.

Now of course the thing that would expose him and kill him at last was mathematics. I resolved to make his death as easy as I could; so I drilled him and crammed him, and crammed him and drilled him, just on the line of questions which the examiners would be most likely to use, and then launching him on his fate. Well, sir, try to conceive of the result: to my consternation, he took the first prize! And with it he got a perfect ovation in the way of compliments.

Sleep? There was no more sleep for me for a week. My conscience tortured me day and night. What I had done I had done purely through charity, and only to ease the poor youth's fallI never had dreamed of any such preposterous result as the thing that had happened. I felt as guilty and miserable as the creator of Frankenstein. Here was a woodenhead whom I had put in the way of glittering promotions and prodigious responsibilities, and but one thing could happen: he and his responsibilities would all go to ruin together at the first opportunity.

The Crimean war had just broken out. Of course there had to be a war, I said to myself: we couldn't have peace and give this donkey a chance to die before he is found out. I waited for the earthquake. It came. And it made me reel when it did come. He was actually gazetted to a captaincy in a marching regiment! Better men grow old and gray in the service before they climb to a sublimity like that. And who could ever have foreseen that they would go and put such a load of responsibility on such green and inadequate shoulders? I could just barely have stood it if they had made him a cornet; but a captainthink of it! I thought my hair would turn white.

Consider what I didI who so loved repose and inaction. I said to myself, I am responsible to the country for this, and I must go along with him and protect the country against him as far as I can. So I took my poor little capital that I had saved up through years of work and grinding economy, and went with a sigh and bought a cornetcy in his regiment, and away we went to the field.

And thereoh dear, it was awful. Blunders? Why, he never did anything but blunder. But, you see, nobody was in the fellow's secreteverybody had him focused wrong, and necessarily misinterpreted his performance every timeconsequently they took his idiotic blunders for inspirations of genius; they did, honestly! His mildest blunders were enough to make a man in his right mind cry; and they did make me cryand rage and rave too, privately. And the thing that kept me always in a sweat of apprehension was the fact that every fresh blunder he made increased the luster of his reputation! I kept saying to myself, he'll get so high, that when discovery does finally come, it will be like the sun falling out of the sky.

He went right along up, from grade to grade, over the dead bodies of his superiors, until at last, in the hottest moment of the battle of ------- down went our colonel, and my heart jumped into my mouth, for Scoresby was next in rank! Now for it, said I; we'll all land in Sheol in ten minutes, sure.

The battle was awfully hot; the allies were steadily giving way all over the field. Our regiment occupied a position that was vital; a blunder now must be destruction. At this crucial moment, what does this immortal fool do but detach the regiment from its place and order a charge over a neighboring hill where there wasn't a suggestion of an enemy! "There you go!" I said to myself; "this is the end at last."

And away we did go, and were over the shoulder of the hill before the insane movement could be discovered and stopped. And what did we find? An entire and unsuspected Russian army in reserve! And what happened? We were eaten up? That is necessarily what would have happened in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred. But no, those Russians argued that no single regiment would come browsing around there at such a time. It must be the entire English army, and that the sly Russian game was detected and blocked; so they turned tail, and away they went, pell-mell, over the hill and down into the field, in wild confusion, and we after them; they themselves broke the solid Russian center in the field, and tore through, and in no time there was the most tremendous rout you ever saw, and the defeat of the allies was turned into a sweeping and splendid victory! Marshal Canrobert looked on, dizzy with astonishment, admiration,and delight; and sent right off for Scoresby, and hugged him, and decorated him on the field, in presence of all the armies!

And what was Scoresby's blunder that time? Merely the mistaking his right hand for his leftthat was all. An order had come to him to fall back and support our right; and instead, he fell forward and went over the hill to the left. But the name he won that day as a marvelous military genius filled the world with his glory, and that glory will never fade while history books last.

He is just as good and sweet and lovable and unpretending as a man can be, but he doesn't know enough to come in when it rains. Now that is absolutely true. He is the supremest ass in the universe; and until half an hour ago nobody knew it but himself and me. He has been pursued, day by day and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness. He has been a shining soldier in all our wars for a generation; he has littered his whole military life with blunders, and yet has never committed one that didn't make him a knight or a baronet or a lord or something. Look at his breast; why, he is just clothed in domestic and foreign decorations. Well, sir, every one of them is the record of some shouting stupidity or other; and taken together, they are proof that the very best thing in all this world that can befall a man is to be born lucky. I say again, as I said at the banquet, Scoresby's an absolute fool.


Frequently Asked Questions about Luck

What is "Luck" by Mark Twain about?

Luck is a frame story in which the narrator attends a London banquet honoring Lieutenant-General Lord Arthur Scoresby, a celebrated British military hero. A clergyman seated beside him leans over and whispers: "Privately — he's an absolute fool." The clergyman then reveals Scoresby's secret history: as an instructor at the Woolwich military academy, he had tutored the hopelessly dim Scoresby out of pity, drilling him on a narrow set of exam questions. By miraculous luck, those exact questions appeared on every exam, and Scoresby passed with honors. His military career followed the same pattern — every blunder was misinterpreted as genius. The climax comes during the Crimean War, when Scoresby confuses his right with his left and accidentally charges the enemy's flank, winning the battle and securing his reputation forever.

What is the theme of "Luck" by Mark Twain?

The central theme is that luck can matter more than merit — and that society often cannot tell the difference. Scoresby achieves the highest honors through a lifelong series of accidents, yet the world worships him as a genius. Twain uses this premise to satirize hero worship and the human tendency to attribute greatness to people based on outcomes rather than understanding. A secondary theme is the role of perception: every act of stupidity is reinterpreted as brilliance because observers project competence onto someone with an impressive record. The clergyman — the only person who knows the truth — is tortured by it, feeling like "the creator of Frankenstein" for having set this incompetent on his path. Twain suggests that reputations, once established, become self-reinforcing regardless of reality.

What literary devices does Mark Twain use in "Luck"?

Twain deploys several devices to build the story's satirical effect. The frame narrative — the narrator at the banquet, the clergyman's whispered confession — creates tension between public reputation and private truth. Situational irony is the story's engine: every action Scoresby takes produces the opposite of its expected result. His ignorance is mistaken for knowledge, his blunders for strategy, his confusion for audacity. Hyperbole amplifies the absurdity: Scoresby wins "the first prize" in mathematics, a subject he doesn't understand at all. The unreliable narrator technique operates subtly — is the clergyman's account entirely trustworthy, or is he projecting his own assumptions onto Scoresby's success? Twain also uses a prefatory note — "This is not a fancy sketch. I got it from a clergyman... who vouched for its truth" — which plays with the boundary between fiction and testimony, adding a layer of deadpan authenticity.

How does Scoresby win the battle in the Crimean War?

The battle is the story's comic climax. During the Crimean War, Scoresby — now a captain — receives an order to fall back and support the right flank. But Scoresby confuses his right with his left and charges forward into the enemy's position instead. His regiment, following orders, plunges directly into the Russian flank at exactly the moment when the Russians are most vulnerable. The enemy, caught completely off guard, assumes they are facing a massive coordinated assault and retreats in panic. Scoresby's catastrophic blunder becomes a decisive victory, and he is credited with a stroke of military genius. The clergyman, who witnesses the entire debacle, is the only person who understands what actually happened. "The allied commander looked on, dazed and speechless, and gave Scoresby the credit," he reports with bitter amazement.

Who is the clergyman in "Luck"?

The clergyman is the story's true protagonist — the only person in the world who knows that Scoresby is a fool. He began his career as a military instructor at Woolwich, where he took pity on the hopelessly ignorant young Scoresby and tutored him through his exams. When Scoresby's luck transformed each act of charity into an undeserved triumph, the clergyman felt responsible: "I felt as guilty and miserable as the creator of Frankenstein." He followed Scoresby's career with increasing horror as the man's reputation grew. The clergyman represents the burden of seeing through a public illusion — he knows the truth but can never speak it publicly, because the truth would be dismissed as jealousy or madness. His whispered confession to the narrator is his only outlet, and it forms the entire substance of the story.

When was "Luck" by Mark Twain published?

Luck was first published in 1891 in Harper's Magazine and was later collected in The American Claimant and Other Stories and Sketches (1892). Mark Twain introduced the story with a note claiming it was told to him by a real clergyman who "vouched for its truth" — a characteristic Twain move that blurs the line between fiction and anecdote. The Crimean War setting (1853–1856) and the Woolwich military academy were real, though Lord Arthur Scoresby was fictional. The story has been widely anthologized and is one of Twain's most frequently taught short works, popular for its accessible length, clear irony, and provocative question about whether success reflects ability or accident.

Is "Luck" by Mark Twain based on a real person?

Twain opens the story with a note: "This is not a fancy sketch. I got it from a clergyman who was an instructor at Woolwich forty years ago, and who vouched for its truth." This framing suggests a real source, but scholars have never identified a specific historical figure behind Lord Arthur Scoresby. The Crimean War produced several celebrated British military figures — including Lord Raglan, whose confused orders led to the disastrous Charge of the Light Brigade — and Twain may have drawn on the general pattern of blundering leadership in that war. However, the story is best understood as satire rather than biography. Twain's prefatory note is itself a literary device, lending the absurd tale an air of documentary authority that makes the comedy sharper. Whether the clergyman existed or not, the story's point about luck and reputation is universal.

What is the Frankenstein reference in "Luck"?

The clergyman compares himself to the creator of Frankenstein after realizing that his charity has set an incompetent man on a path to extraordinary power and responsibility. By tutoring Scoresby through his exams, the clergyman created a monster — not a literal one, but a walking fraud whose unearned credentials would carry him to positions where his stupidity could cause real damage. The allusion to Mary Shelley's novel captures the clergyman's guilt and horror: like Victor Frankenstein, he acted from good intentions but produced an uncontrollable result. The reference also adds a layer of dark comedy — comparing a dim-witted military officer to a reanimated corpse elevated to destructive power. It is one of the story's most memorable lines and crystallizes the central irony: the clergyman's acts of mercy were the foundation of a career built on stupidity.

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